The Arecibo high-power, high-frequency (HF) facility and 430 MHz radar are used to examine the temporal development of the HF-induced Langmuir and ion turbulences from 1 ms to many minutes after the ...turn-on of the HF beam in the
F
region. All HF observations begin in a smooth, stratified, stable plasma. “Cold start” HF transmissions are employed to avoid remnant irregularities from prior HF transmissions. HF-excited plasma line (HFPL) and ion line echoes are used to monitor the evolution of the turbulence. In the evening/nighttime the HFPL develops in three reproducible stages. Over time scales of 0 to 10–20 ms (possibly 40 ms), the smooth plasma conditions are maintained, and the results are consistent with theoretical models of the excitation of strong Langmuir turbulence near HF reflection. This entails the initiation of the so-called “caviton production cycle.” The turbulence from the parametric decay instability is detected at lower altitudes where the radar wave vector matches those of the HF-enhanced waves. The data suggests that the two processes coexist in the region in between. After ~40 ms the “overshoot process” begins and consists of a downward extension of the HFPL from the HF reflection region to heights ~1.1 km below followed by a retreat back to the reflection region. The whole overshoot process takes place over a time scale of ~3 s. Thereafter the echo remains near HF reflection for 20–90 s after HF turn-on. The HFPL echo subsequently breaks up into patches because of the formation of large-scale electron density structures in the plasma. New kinetic models indicate that suprathermal electrons excited in the plasma by, for example, caviton burn-out serve to regulate plasma turbulence in the modified ionospheric volume.
Triply differential data are presented for the 200 eV positron and electron impact ionization of argon. Six electron emission energies between 2.6 and 19 eV, and for scattering angles of 2, 3, and 4 ...degrees cover a momentum transfer range of 0.16 to 0.31 a.u. The binary and recoil intensities are fitted using a double peak structure in both regions, which, for the present kinematic conditions, are unresolved. The fitted peak intensities and angular positions are shown to have systematic dependences as a function of the momentum transfer and kinematic emission angle, respectively, and illustrate projectile charge effects. A comparison with available theories is made where it is seen that the most notable differences include the fact that for the binary lobe, the observed intensity for emission angles around 100° is absent in the theories, and the theoretical predications overestimate the importance of recoil interactions.
Introduction Les MODYs sont les diabètes monogéniques les plus fréquents et se caractérisent par une grande hétérogénéité clinique et génétique. Leur diagnostic moléculaire a des conséquences ...pronostiques et thérapeutiques qui dépendent du gène impliqué. La méthode classique (séquençage Sanger), restreinte le plus souvent à l'analyse des 2 ou 3 gènes de MODY les plus fréquents, ou des gènes suggérés par l'histoire clinique, a un rendement diagnostique de 10-15 %. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer l'apport du séquençage nouvelle génération (NGS) dans le diagnostic des MODYs. Patients et Méthodes 1 100 patients (825 adultes, 275 âgés < 18 ans) ayant une histoire clinique évocatrice de MODY (≥ 2 cas diabétiques avant 40 ans, absence d'anticorps) ont été analysés par NGS par PCR multiplex (Kit MODY-MASTRTM, Multiplicom) des régions codantes de 7 gènes (GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B, ABCC8, KCNJ11, INS). Résultats 1. Le diagnostic de MODY a été confirmé dans 274/1 100 cas (42 % GCK, 25 % HNF1A, 10 % HNF4A, 6 % HNF1B, 10 % ABCC8, 4 % KCNJ11, 3 % INS), soit un taux de détection de mutations de 25 % (adultes 20 %, cas pédiatriques 39 %). 2. La mise en évidence de mutations de gènes dont l'implication n'était pas prédite par le phénotype remet en question les corrélations génotype/phénotype antérieurement décrites dans les MODYs. 3. Une fréquence élevée de mutations affectant les gènes ABCC8/KCNJ11 codant les sous-unités du canal potassique a été observée (14 % des diagnostics vs 1 % dans la littérature). 4. Environ 1 % des patients mutés étaient porteurs de mutations considérées comme pathogènes dans deux gènes différents, suggérant l'existence de cas de digénisme. 5. La fréquence des variants de signification inconnue (VSI), i.e. dont le caractère pathogène ne pouvait être affirmé, était de 18 %. Conclusions L'approche NGS permet d'augmenter le taux de détection des MODYs, souvent classés à tort comme diabète de type 1 ou de type 2. Nos résultats remettent en question les fréquences relatives des gènes impliqués dans les MODYs et les corrélations phénotypes/génotypes antérieurement établies. La fréquence des VSI pose des difficultés d'interprétation et souligne l'importance d'un dialogue étroit entre généticiens et cliniciens.
Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the laryngeal nerves during thyroidectomy is a reliable method to assess nerve function. After identification of the cricothyroid ligament, a bipolar electrode is ...selectively inserted through the ligament into the thyroarytenoid muscle (TAM) and cricothyroid muscle (CTM). Vagus nerve stimulation then allows precise monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) in the TAM and CTM, respectively. A significant muscle response (greater than 100μV) is 100% predictive of preserved laryngeal mobility, while the absence of a muscle response is 70% predictive of vocal fold paralysis with 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. A significant thyroarytenoid muscle response is only recorded ipsilateral to the stimulation with a shorter latency on the right side. A concomitant TAM and CTM response to vagus nerve stimulation or EBSLN stimulation is observed in more than 70% of cases.
The neurological effects of Lyme borreliosis in children are varied and their clinical progression is not widely reported in the French literature. We carried out a retrospective study to describe ...the clinical characteristics of Lyme neuroborreliosis in children in southwest France and their clinical progression at 6 months.
This study was carried out at Toulouse University Hospital during the period 2006–2017 using patient records. Case definition was based on the combined French clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria.
In total, 26 children were included. The median age was 8 years (4–14 years). The different neurological symptoms reported were: meningoradiculitis (62%), which was usually associated with facial palsy (54%); isolated facial palsy (15%); isolated meningitis (8%); polyradiculoneuritis (4%); benign intracranial hypertension (4%) and myelomeningoradiculitis (4%). The most common functional symptoms were headaches (54%), the perception of asthenia (42%), neck pain (27%), and a loss of appetite (19%). Patients with laboratory meningitis (84%) often had no signs of meningism or headaches (38%).
The majority of the cases involved meningoradiculitis but other, less common, neurological conditions have been described. The clinical signs suggestive of meningitis are not very marked and might delay the diagnosis.
Unpaved road dust emissions in El Paso in Texas, Las Cruces in New Mexico and Ciudad Juárez in Mexico were measured using the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) ...system. PM10 (particles with diameter < 10 μm) emissions factors from unpaved roads in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico increased by a factor of five as compared to those measured in El Paso, TX and Las Cruces, NM. The highest emission factors were observed in spring. A strong exponential dependence of PM10 emissions factors on vehicle speed was observed in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and El Paso, TX, whereas they remained constant in Las Cruces, NM reflecting differences in soil surface characteristics. The highest PM10 emissions in Las Cruces and Ciudad Juárez originated from the sideline tire, indicating the possible influence of accumulated loose soil and debris on the side of the unpaved roads. Overall, strong spatial and temporal variability of PM10 emission factors were computed in the Paso del Norte region, reflecting differences in road surface and vehicle traffic characteristics and further underscored the need for high spatiotemporal resolution of emission inventories to accurately identify the most susceptible unpaved roads and control their burden on particulate pollution.
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•Unpaved road dust particulate emission factors in the US-Mexico border region are measured.•Strong and statistically significant spatial and temporal trends were observed.•The relationship of particulate emissions to vehicle speed depended upon soil characteristics.
Background & Aims:
This study examined the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and symptom groupings and determined impact on disability days in a nationally representative US sample.
...Methods:
A telephone survey of 21,128 adults was conducted including questions about the presence of upper GI symptoms during the past 3 months. Respondents were categorized as symptomatic (ie, reported GI symptoms once per month) or asymptomatic. The survey included questions about missed work, leisure activity, or household activity days. Symptom groupings were identified by using factor analysis, and cluster analysis was used to assign respondents into distinct groups on the basis of these symptom groupings.
Results:
The prevalence of an average of 1 or more upper GI symptoms during the past 3 months was 44.9%. The most common symptoms experienced during the past 3 months were early satiety, heartburn, and postprandial fullness. Factor analysis identified 4 symptom groupings: (1) heartburn/regurgitation; (2) nausea/vomiting; (3) bloating/abdominal pain; and (4) early satiety/loss of appetite. Five respondent clusters were identified; the largest clusters were primarily early satiety/fullness (44%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms (28%). Two small clusters reflected nausea and vomiting (7%) and a heterogeneous symptom profile (4%). Symptomatic respondents reported significantly more missed work, leisure, and household activity days than asymptomatic respondents (all
P < .0001).
Conclusions:
Factor analysis separated GI symptoms into groupings reflecting gastroesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia: early satiety, postprandial fullness, and loss of appetite; bloating and abdominal pain/discomfort; and nausea and vomiting. These upper GI symptoms were associated with significant loss of work and activity days.
Thomson scattering is used to measure Langmuir waves (LW) driven by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a diffraction limited laser focal spot. For SRS at wave numbers klambda(D) less similar 0.29, ...where k is the LW number and lambda(D) is the Debye length, multiple waves are detected and are attributed to the Langmuir decay instability (LDI) driven by the primary LW. At klambda(D) greater similar 0.29, a single wave, frequency-broadened spectrum is observed. The transition from the fluid to the kinetic regime is qualitatively consistent with particle-in-cell simulations and crossing of the LDI amplitude threshold above that for LW self-focusing.
Ce manuscrit rapporte les résultats de trois études sur la fiabilité et la validité de l’Échelle de compréhension sociale des enfants (ÉCSE), une adaptation française du questionnaire parental ...Children's Social Understanding Scale développé par Tahiroglu et al. (2014). Dans une première étude administrée aux parents de 382 jeunes enfants, l’ÉCSE démontre dans sa fiabilité interne et ses corrélations avec d’autres construits des propriétés similaires à la version originale anglaise de l’échelle. Une deuxième étude (n=63) démontre la fiabilité test-retest de l’échelle alors qu’une troisième étude (n=68) confirme que les réponses parentales sur l’ÉCSE corrèlent positivement avec les scores des enfants sur une échelle comportementale de théorie de l’esprit. Ces données confirment la fiabilité et la validité de l’ÉCSE, offrant un nouvel outil aux chercheurs travaillant avec des populations d’enfants francophones.
This manuscript presents data on the reliability and validity of a French translation of the Children's Social Understanding Scale (CSUS; Tahiroglu et al., 2014), a parent-report scale assessing theory of mind in young children. In a first study, parents of 382 typically developing children (34–82 months; M=55 months; 193 males) completed an online questionnaire (215 in English and 167 in French) including the CSUS or its French translation, l’Échelle de compréhension sociale des enfants (ÉCSE), as well as subscales of the short-form Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Putnam & Rothbart, 2006) and demographic questions. Internal consistency of the CSUS/ÉCSE was high and similar between French and original English versions (French: long form α=.929, ρ=.933, n=99, short form α=.896, ρ=.901, n=128; English: long form α=.935, ρ=.936, n=100, short form α=.860, ρ=.869, n=146). Correlations between the mean CSUS/ÉCSE score and children's age in months were significantly positive and similar across languages, English: r=.478, P<.001, French: r=.569, P<.001, difference: Z=1.21, P=.226, ns. In both languages, the CSUS/ÉCSE correlated positively with CBQ subscales of attention (English: r(205)=.298, P<.001; French: r(165)=.353, P<.001) and inhibition (English: r(205)=.538, P<.001; French: r(165)=.421, P<.001). A confirmatory factor analysis constraining variances and covariances of the six CSUS/ÉCSE subscales to be equal between languages yielded a non-significant Chi2, χ2(33)=6.204, ns. In a second study, French-speaking parents completed the ÉCSE twice one week apart for 63 children (M child age: 50 months; 31 females). Test-retest reliability was high, r=.967. In a third study, 68 children (33–78 months; M=54 months; 30 males) were administered the four easiest tasks of a widely used behavioral theory of mind scale (Wellman & Liu, 2004) and their French-speaking parents completed the ÉCSE. Behavioral theory of mind from the Wellman & Liu (2004) scale and parent-report theory of mind from the ÉCSE were positively correlated (long form: r(68)=.350, P=.003; short form: r(68)=.364, P=.002), and these correlations held even after controlling for age (long form: r=.281, P=.021; short form: r(68)=.242, P=.049). Together, these findings support the reliability and validity of the French-language ÉCSE. Translated items are provided in appendix for use by researchers working with francophone populations.
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