Dynamic wetting is an important interfacial phenomenon in many industrial applications. There have been many excellent reviews of dynamic wetting, especially on super-hydrophobic surfaces with ...physical or chemical coatings, porous layers, hybrid micro/nano structures and biomimetic structures. This review summarizes recent research on dynamic wetting from the viewpoint of the fluids rather than the solid surfaces. The reviewed fluids range from simple Newtonian fluids to non-Newtonian fluids and complex nanofluids. The fundamental physical concepts and principles involved in dynamic wetting phenomena are also reviewed. This review focus on recent investigations of dynamic wetting by non-Newtonian fluids, including the latest experimental studies with a thorough review of the best dynamic wetting models for non-Newtonian fluids, to illustrate their successes and limitations. This paper also reports on new results on the still fledgling field of nanofluid wetting kinetics. The challenges of research on nanofluid dynamic wetting is not only due to the lack of nanoscale experimental techniques to probe the complex nanoparticle random motion, but also the lack of multiscale experimental techniques or theories to describe the effects of nanoparticle motion at the nanometer scale (10-9 m) on the dynamic wetting taking place at the macroscopic scale (10-3 m). This paper describes the various types of nanofluid dynamic wetting behaviors. Two nanoparticle dissipation modes, the bulk dissipation mode and the local dissipation mode, are proposed to resolve the uncertainties related to the various types of dynamic wetting mechanisms reported in the literature.
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•A review study on dynamic wetting from aspect of fluids rather than solids.•Successes and limitations of Newtonian fluid wetting models are illustrated.•A thorough review of new achievements in dynamic wetting by non-Newtonian fluids.•Diversity of nanofluid wetting kinetics and related mechanisms are presented.
Although the fates of microplastics (0.1-5 mm in size) and nanoplastics (<100 nm) in marine environments are being increasingly well studied
, little is known about the behaviour of nanoplastics in ...terrestrial environments
, especially agricultural soils
. Previous studies have evaluated the consequences of nanoplastic accumulation in aquatic plants, but there is no direct evidence for the internalization of nanoplastics in terrestrial plants. Here, we show that both positively and negatively charged nanoplastics can accumulate in Arabidopsis thaliana. The aggregation promoted by the growth medium and root exudates limited the uptake of amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics with positive surface charges. Thus, positively charged nanoplastics accumulated at relatively low levels in the root tips, but these nanoplastics induced a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited plant growth and seedling development more strongly than negatively charged sulfonic-acid-modified nanoplastics. By contrast, the negatively charged nanoplastics were observed frequently in the apoplast and xylem. Our findings provide direct evidence that nanoplastics can accumulate in plants, depending on their surface charge. Plant accumulation of nanoplastics can have both direct ecological effects and implications for agricultural sustainability and food safety.
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) often display bumpy declining light curves. However, the cause of these undulations remains unclear. In ...this paper, we have improved the magnetar model, which includes flare activities. We present a systematic analysis of a well-observed SLSN-I sample with bumpy light curves in their late phase. These SLSNe-I were identified from multiple transient surveys, such as the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey and the Zwicky Transient Facility. Our study provides a set of magnetar-powered model light curve fits for five SLSNe-I, which accurately reproduce the observed light curves using reasonable physical parameters. By extracting the essential characteristics of both the explosions and central engines, these fits provide valuable insights into investigating their potential association with gamma-ray burst engines. We found that the SLSN flares tend to be the dim and long extension of GRB flares in the peak luminosity versus peak time plane. Conducting large-scale, high-cadence surveys in the near future could enhance our comprehension of both SLSN undulating light curve properties and their potential relationship with GRBs by modeling their light curve characteristics.
The combination of immunotherapy and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of refractory solid tumor has not been well investigated. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a ...new regimen of anlotinib plus PD‐1 inhibitor to treat refractory solid tumor. APICAL‐RST is an investigator‐initiated, open‐label, single‐arm, phase II trial in patients with heavily treated, refractory, metastatic solid tumor. Eligible patients experienced disease progression during prior therapy without further effective regimen. All patients received anlotinib and PD‐1 inhibitor. The primary endpoints were objective response and disease control rates. The secondary endpoints included the ratio of progression‐free survival 2 (PFS2)/PFS1, overall survival (OS) and safety. Forty‐one patients were recruited in our study; 9 patients achieved a confirmed partial response and 21 patients had stable disease. Objective response rate and disease control rate were 22.0% and 73.2% in the intention‐to‐treat cohort, and 24.3% and 81.1% in the efficacy‐evaluable cohort, respectively. A total of 63.4% (95% confidence interval CI: 46.9%‐77.4%) of the patients (26/41) presented PFS2/PFS1 >1.3. The median OS was 16.8 months (range: 8.23‐24.4), and the 12‐ and 36‐month OS rates were 62.8% and 28.9%, respectively. No significant association was observed between concomitant mutation and efficacy. Thirty‐one (75.6%) patients experienced at least one treatment‐related adverse event. The most common adverse events were hypothyroidism, hand‐foot syndrome and malaise. This phase II trial showed that anlotinib plus PD‐1 inhibitor exhibits favorable efficacy and tolerability in patients with refractory solid tumor.
What's new?
The combination of immunotherapy and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of refractory solid tumors remains to be further investigated. Here, the authors conducted the prospective, single‐arm, nonrandomized, phase II APICAL‐RST trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of the oral multikinase inhibitor anlotinib plus PD‐1 inhibitor in refractory solid tumors. The regimen demonstrated substantial clinical activity and manageable toxicity among heavily pretreated, pan‐cancer patients. The clinical benefits were consistent across different histological or molecular subgroups. The results from the APICAL‐RST trial support anlotinib plus PD‐1 inhibitor as an effective regimen in heavily‐treated, refractory, metastatic solid tumors.
Although the fate of nanoplastics (<100 nm) in freshwater systems is increasingly well studied, much less is known about its potential threats to cyanobacterial blooms, the ultimate phenomenon of ...eutrophication occurrence worldwide. Previous studies have evaluated the consequences of nanoplastics increasing the membrane permeability of microbes, however, there is no direct evidence for interactions between nanoplastics and microcystin; intracellular hepatotoxins are produced by some genera of cyanobacteria. Here, we show that the amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2) promote microcystin synthesis and release from Microcystis aeruginosa, a dominant species causing cyanobacterial blooms, even without the change of coloration. We demonstrate that PS-NH2 inhibits photosystem II efficiency, reduces organic substance synthesis, and induces oxidative stress, enhancing the synthesis of microcystin. Furthermore, PS-NH2 promotes the extracellular release of microcystin from M. aeruginosa via transporter protein upregulation and impaired cell membrane integrity. Our findings propose that the presence of nanoplastics in freshwater ecosystems might enhance the threat of eutrophication to aquatic ecology and human health.
•Both indices of power loss reduction and reliability improvement are considered in distribution network reconfiguration.•An enhanced genetic algorithm is designed to handle the reconfiguration ...problem.•The information of single loop is used to design the crossover and mutation operator.•The method can solve the feeder reconfiguration more effectively and stably with less iteration and fewer time.
Electrical distribution network reconfiguration is a complex combinatorial optimization process aimed at finding a radial operating structure that minimizes the system power loss or/and maximizes the system reliability while satisfying operating constraints. In this paper, a distribution network reconfiguration method is presented for both the indices of power loss reduction and reliability improvement. The enhanced genetic optimization algorithm is used to handle the reconfiguration problem so as to determine the switch operation schemes. Based on the information of a single loop caused by closing a normally open switch, we improve the algorithm on crossover and mutation operations of original Genetic Algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on 33-bus, 69-bus, and 136-bus radial distribution systems.
Summary
Poor graft function (PGF) is a severe complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Murine studies have demonstrated that effective haematopoiesis depends ...on the specific bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Increasing evidence shows that BM macrophages (MФs), which constitute an important component of BM immune microenvironment, are indispensable for the regulation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the BM. However, little is known about the number and function of BM MФs or whether they directly interact with HSCs in PGF patients. In the current prospective case‐control study, PGF patients showed a significant increase in classically activated inflammatory MФs (M1; 2·18 ± 0·11% vs. 0·82 ± 0·06%, P < 0·0001), a striking reduction in alternatively activated anti‐inflammatory MФs (M2; 3·02 ± 0·31% vs. 21·89 ± 0·90%, P < 0·0001), resulting in a markedly increased M1/M2 ratio (0·82 ± 0·06 vs. 0·06 ± 0·002; P < 0·0001) in the BM compared with good graft function patients. Meanwhile, standard monocyte subsets were altered in PGF patients. Dysfunctional BM MФs, which were characterized by reduced proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, were evident in PGF patients. Furthermore, BM MФs from PGF patients with high tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin 12 levels and low transforming growth factor‐β levels, led to impaired BM CD34+ cell function. In summary, our data indicate that an unbalanced BM M1/M2 ratio and dysfunctional MФs may contribute to the occurrence of PGF following allo‐HSCT.
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with human glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, but the underlying infection mechanism has not been fully ...demonstrated. Here, we show that EphA2 was upregulated in glioblastoma and correlated with the poor prognosis of the patients. EphA2 silencing inhibits, whereas overexpression promotes HCMV infection, establishing EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection of glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, EphA2 binds to HCMV gH/gL complex to mediate membrane fusion. Importantly, the HCMV infection was inhibited by the treatment of inhibitor or antibody targeting EphA2 in glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, HCMV infection was also impaired in optimal glioblastoma organoids by EphA2 inhibitor. Taken together, we propose EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection in glioblastoma cells and a potential target for intervention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Acinetobacter baumannii is currently posing a serious threat to global health. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent virulence factor of pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria. To explore the antigenic ...properties of A. baumannii LPS, four Kdo‐containing inner core glycans from A. baumannii strain ATCC 17904 were synthesized. A flexible and divergent method based on the use of the orthogonally substituted α‐Kdo‐(2→5)‐Kdo disaccharides was developed. Selective removal of different protecting groups in these key precursors and elongation of sugar chain via α‐stereocontrolled coupling with 5,7‐O‐di‐tert‐butylsilylene or 5‐O‐benzoyl protected Kdo thioglycosides and 2‐azido‐2‐deoxyglucosyl thioglycoside allowed efficient assembly of the target molecules. Glycan microarray analysis of sera from infected patients revealed that the 4,5‐branched Kdo trimer was a potential antigenic epitope, which is attractive for further immunological research to develop carbohydrate vaccines against A. baumannii.
Four inner core oligosaccharides from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of A. baumannii strain ATCC 17904 were chemically synthesized (see structures). Antigenic investigation indicated that the 4,5‐branched Kdo trisaccharide, a common inner core structure of A. baumannii LPS, is a potential antigenic epitope that could be used for further immunological research to develop diagnostic tools or vaccines against A. baumannii.
The microscopic defects that distributed randomly in metals are not only hard to detect, but also may inevitably cause catastrophic failure. Thus, autonomic probing and healing for damage inside ...metals continue to be a challenging. Here we show a novel approach for self-healing using electropulsing as a stimulus to trigger repairing of damaged metals. This is achieved via a process that through expelling absolutely currents, the microcrack causes them to be redistributed to form a concentrated and a diluted region around it, thereby inducing an extremely high temperature gradient and a large compressive stress, which drive material flow to close microcracks. Simultaneously, a large enough heat for bonding atoms was produced. That is, the microcrack as an empty cavity can be regarded as a special micro-device to shape a localized microscopic energy field, which in turn activates a healing process. The microstructure and mechanical property verified the extrinsic self-healing of a titanium alloy. The process is performed on a short timescale, is enable to detect automatically and act directly on the internal defects in metals, and to heal damage without any healing agent, long time heating as well as applied high pressure, offering unique advantages over conventional healing approaches.
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