Summary
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. 2n = 2x = 22), a plant from the Apiaceae family, also called cilantro or Chinese parsley, is a globally important crop used as vegetable, spice, fragrance and ...traditional medicine. Here, we report a high‐quality assembly and analysis of its genome sequence, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 2118.68 Mb and N50 scaffold length of 160.99 Mb. We found that two whole‐genome duplication events, respectively, dated to ~45–52 and ~54–61 million years ago, were shared by the Apiaceae family after their split from lettuce. Unbalanced gene loss and expression are observed between duplicated copies produced by these two events. Gene retention, expression, metabolomics and comparative genomic analyses of terpene synthase (TPS) gene family, involved in terpenoid biosynthesis pathway contributing to coriander’s special flavour, revealed that tandem duplication contributed to coriander TPS gene family expansion, especially compared to their carrot counterparts. Notably, a TPS gene highly expressed in all 4 tissues and 3 development stages studied is likely a major‐effect gene encoding linalool synthase and myrcene synthase. The present genome sequencing, transcriptome, metabolome and comparative genomic efforts provide valuable insights into the genome evolution and spice trait biology of Apiaceae and other related plants, and facilitated further research into important gene functions and crop improvement.
Delayed emergence from general anaesthesia poses a significant perioperative safety hazard. Subanaesthetic doses of ketamine not only deepen anaesthesia but also accelerate recovery from isoflurane ...anaesthesia; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. Esketamine exhibits a more potent receptor affinity and fewer adverse effects than ketamine and exhibits shorter recovery times after brief periods of anaesthesia. As the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) plays a pivotal role in regulating wakefulness, we studied its role in the emergence process during combined esketamine and isoflurane anaesthesia.
The righting reflex and cortical electroencephalography were used as measures of consciousness in mice during isoflurane anaesthesia with coadministration of esketamine. The expression of c-Fos was used to determine neuronal activity changes in PVT neurones after esketamine administration. The effect of esketamine combined with isoflurane anaesthesia on PVT glutamatergic (PVT
) neuronal activity was monitored by fibre photometry, and chemogenetic technology was used to manipulate PVT
neuronal activity.
A low dose of esketamine (5 mg kg
) accelerated emergence from isoflurane general anaesthesia (474 30 s vs 544 39 s, P=0.001). Esketamine (5 mg kg
) increased PVT c-Fos expression (508 198 vs 258 87, P=0.009) and enhanced the population activity of PVT
neurones (0.03 1.7% vs 6.9 3.4%, P=0.002) during isoflurane anaesthesia (1.9 5.7% vs -5.1 5.3%, P=0.016) and emergence (6.1 6.2% vs -1.1 5.0%, P=0.022). Chemogenetic suppression of PVT
neurones abolished the arousal-promoting effects of esketamine (459 33 s vs 596 33 s, P<0.001).
Our results suggest that esketamine promotes recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia by activating PVT
neurones. This mechanism could explain the rapid arousability exhibited upon treatment with a low dose of esketamine.
•The studied BIFs are primarily controlled by Fe, Si, CO32− and Ba.•Dominated sources are high-temperature hydrothermal solutions.•The whole ocean anoxia is not required when Jingtieshan BIFs ...formed.•The Jingtieshan BIFs are a unique type of BIF.
The Jingtieshan banded iron formation (BIF) is located in the Northern Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB) in NW China. The BIFs are hosted in Mesoproterozoic Jingtieshan Group, a dominantly clastic-carbonate sedimentary formation, and was metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies. The Jingtieshan BIFs include oxide-, carbonate- and mixed carbonate–oxide facies, and consist of alternating iron-rich and silica-rich bands. The BIFs are composed essentially of specularite and jasper, with minor carbonate minerals and barite. The SiO2+Fe2O3 content is markedly high in the oxide facies BIF, followed by FeO, CO2 and Ba, with the other elements usually lower than 1%, suggesting that the original chemical sediments were composed of Fe, Si, CO32− and Ba. The positive correlation between Al2O3, TiO2 and Zr in the BIFs indicates that these chemical sediments incorporate minor detrital components. Oxide facies BIF shows low HFSE, low ∑REE and low Y/Ho. The Post Archean Australian Shale-normalized REE patterns for Jingtieshan BIFs are characterized slight LREE depletion, strong positive Eu anomalies and lack of significant negative Ce anomalies. Siderite in the carbonate- and mixed carbonate–oxide facies BIF shows negative δ13C values varying from −8.4‰ to −3.0‰, and δ18O values show a range of −16.6‰ to −11.7‰. The geochemical signatures and carbon–oxygen isotopes suggest origin from high-temperature hydrothermal fluids with weak seawater signature for the sediments of Jingtieshan BIFs. The absence of negative Ce anomalies and the high Fe3+/∑Fe ratios of the oxide facies BIF do not support ocean anoxia. In contrast to the three main types (Algoma-, Superior- and Rapitan-type) of global BIFs, the Jingtieshan BIFs represent a unique type with features similar to those of sedimentary-exhalative mineralization.
To fabricate metal matrix composites with excellent performance, Ni-Fe-P-CeO2 composite coating were prepared using jet electrodeposition technology at different processing current densities. The ...surface morphology, microstructure, and composition of the composite coatings were tested using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. The coatings were subjected to friction, wear, and corrosion tests to explore the effect of current density on the coating performance. The results showed that with the increase in the current density, the microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the amorphous composite coatings first increased and then decreased. When the current density was 30 A/dm2, the surface smoothness of the composite coating was the best, the surface compactness was good, the microhardness was maximum (614.24 HV0.1), and the coating surface exhibited excellent wear and corrosion resistances.
Lycophytes and seed plants constitute the typical vascular plants. Lycophytes have been thought to have no paleo-polyploidization although the event is known to be critical for the fast expansion of ...seed plants. Here, genomic analyses including the homologous gene dot plot analysis detected multiple paleo-polyploidization events, with one occurring approximately 13–15 million years ago (MYA) and another about 125–142 MYA, during the evolution of the genome of Selaginella moellendorffii, a model lycophyte. In addition, comparative analysis of reconstructed ancestral genomes of lycophytes and angiosperms suggested that lycophytes were affected by more paleo-polyploidization events than seed plants. Results from the present genomic analyses indicate that paleo-polyploidization has contributed to the successful establishment of both lineages—lycophytes and seed plants—of vascular plants.
In order to improve the problem of unsatisfactory wear and corrosion resistance of traditional materials, a composite coating of Ni-Fe-Co-P-GO is prepared on the surface of 45# steel by scanning ...electrodeposition technology. The morphology, composition and phase structures of the Ni-Fe-Co-P-GO composite coatings are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy spectrum analysis (EDS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the composite coatings are analyzed by means of a micro hardness tester, a comprehensive tester for surface properties of materials and an electrochemical workstation. The results prove formation of an amorphous Ni-Fe-Co-P-GO composite coating on the surface of 45# steel. The prepared Ni-Fe-Co-P-(GO)0.6 composite coating has maximum surface hardness with best wear and corrosion resistance due to closely connected cell structure on the surface when the concentration of graphene oxide (GO) is 0.6 g·L-1.
A novel method of submerged jet electrodeposition with incorporation of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was applied to remodel Ni-P alloy coatings. Surface morphologies of the coating surface were ...characterized by scanning electron microscopy observations, the composition and phase structure were studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the corrosion resistance was analyzed by the polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Experimental results confirmed successful deposition of a homogenous coating on the surface of the metal matrix and improvement of the corrosion resistance after incorporation of CeO2 NPs. The composite coatings showed the smallest corrosion current and the largest polarization resistance when 1.0 g/L of CeO2 NPs was added in the plating solution, revealing the greatest corrosion resistance. The underlying potential mechanism is that the introduction of the nano-CeO2 phase effectively reduces the adsorption of corrosive media and protects the insoluble corrosion products, thereby promoting the occurrence of uniform corrosion.
► Atorvastatin administration could ameliorate EAN by immune regulation. ► Atorvastatin decreased the numbers of IFN-γ
+ and IL-17
+ cells in sciatic nerves. ► Atorvastatin decreased the CD80 ...expression in lymph nodes mononuclear cells. ► Atorvastatin up-regulated the number of Treg cells. ► Atorvastatin decreased the levels of IFN-γ in MNC culture supernatants.
Statins have anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating properties. To investigate the effects of atorvastatin on experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), an animal model of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), atorvastatin was administered to Lewis rats immunized with bovine peripheral myelin in complete Freund’s adjuvant. We found that atorvastatin ameliorated the clinical symptoms of EAN, decreased the numbers of inflammatory cells as well as IFN-γ
+ and IL-17
+ cells in sciatic nerves, decreased the CD80 expression and increased the number of CD25
+Foxp3
+ cells in mononuclear cells (MNC), and decreased the levels of IFN-γ in MNC culture supernatants. These data provide strong evidence that atorvastatin can act as an inhibitor in EAN by inhibiting the immune response of Th1 and Th17, decreasing the expression of co-stimulatory molecule, and up-regulating the number of T regulatory cells. These data demonstrated that statins could be used as a therapeutic strategy in human GBS in future.
At the CEPC (Circular Electron Positron Collider), which is proposed by the Chinese high energy physics community, the dominant background comes from radiative Bhabha scattering and the beamstrahlung ...effect according to preliminary research. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate a collimator system to intercept particles that may be lost near the interaction region (IR). In this paper, we introduce some limitations in choosing the position and width of the collimators. A certain parameter range is determined which is confined by the β function and the width of the collimators. A suitable choice of the half width is made by exploring this parameter range. A simulation of the particle loss rate in the IR and the hit density in the vertex detector with and without the collimators shows that the set of parameters of the collimators we designed is appropriate and effective.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS), is associated with behavioural problems, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been clearly identified. ...In the present study, kainic acid (KA) was administered systemically in adult male Wistar rats to induce SRS. Behavioural performance analyses at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-status epilepticus (post-SE) showed spatial learning memory deficit, anxiety and increased locomotor activity in rats with long-term SRS compared with rats without SRS after normal saline (NS) or KA-valproate (KA-VPA) treatment. No neuronal cell loss was observed in the hippocampus at 6 weeks post-SE. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses revealed that down-regulation of NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) expression in adult hippocampus was found at 4 weeks post-SE and a further decrease at 6 weeks post-SE compared with rats without SRS after NS or KA-VPA treatment. Furthermore, the decreased expression of NR2B and PSD-95 was correlated with the representatively behavioural deficit. These findings suggest that long-term SRS might decrease NR2B/PSD-95 expression in adult hippocampus and consequently cause behavioural deficits, including spatial learning memory deficit, anxiety and increased locomotor activity. Maintaining the expression of NR2B/PSD-95 might partially contribute to the normal behaviour in rats with long-term SRS.
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