Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Drug resistance and relapse after current standard treatments frequently occur; thus, alternative and effective treatments are required. Algae and ...cyanobacteria are abundant organisms that serve as bioresources of nutrients/metabolites, which are attractive sources of numerous bioactive compounds for drug discovery. In the present study, we, therefore, investigated anti-cancer activities of crude polysaccharide and ethanolic extracts from Chlorella sp., Sargassum spp., and Spirulina sp. against cell lines of five top-leading cancers including lung cancer (A549), cervical cancer (Hela), breast cancer (MCF7), hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh7), and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA; KKU213A). Only ethanolic extracts of Chlorella sp. showed consistent inhibition of growth of all cancer cell types. CCA was the most sensitive to Chlorella sp. ethanolic extract with CC50 of 277.4, 400.5, and 313.4 µg/mL for KKU055, KKU100, and KKU213A cells, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CCA cell death was triggered via apoptosis pathway in accompany with lowering procaspase-3, -8, and -9 and increasing caspase enzymatic activity in addition to reducing anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 protein. Interestingly, the treatment of the extract at 400 µg/mL greatly inhibited the AKT/mTOR survival signaling as evidenced by significant reduction of phosphorylated-AKT and phosphorylated-mTOR proteins. The presence of reported bioactive compounds, gallic acid, and lutein, were confirmed in Chlorella sp. extract by high-performance liquid chromatography. Gallic acid and lutein treatment caused a significant reduction of KKU055, KKU100, and KKU213A cell viability. This study demonstrated the anti-cancer effect of Chlorella sp. ethanolic extract to promote cancer cell death via inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway.
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•Anti-cancer activity of Chlorella sp. extract was studied in top-leading cancers.•Cholangiocarcinoma was highly sensitive to induction of cell death by Chlorella sp. extract.•Chlorella sp. extract induced apoptotic cell death by inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.•Gallic acid and lutein are bioactive compounds of Chlorella sp. extract.
This study aimed to utilize four types of macroalgal biomass with a zero-waste biorefining concept for co-production of bioactive polysaccharide and biodiesel. The polysaccharide of macroalgal ...biomass obtained from
Ulva
spp.,
Sargassum
spp.,
Cladophora
spp., and
Spirogyra
spp. was extracted and partially purified by water-alcohol precipitation. The partially purified polysaccharide showed high antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH and ABTS with IC
50
values of 3.50–37.31 mg/mL and 0.86–8.91 mg/mL, respectively, and high antiproliferative activity on human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 with IC
50
values of 0.66–12.20 mg/mL, while the antityrosinase activity was observed only
Sargassum
spp. and
Cladophora
spp. at 60.59% and 14.16%, respectively, at 10 mg/mL of tested polysaccharide extract. Interestingly, rare sugar including tagatose, psicose, and allose in polysaccharide were found to be 0.88–28.69 mg in 1 g of polysaccharide extract. After polysaccharide extraction, the macroalgal biomass residue was used to extract lipid prior to biodiesel production by acid-catalyzed transesterification. The extracted lipids of 3.09–10.05% were mainly composed of C16–C18 (>84%), and their biodiesel qualities were also satisfactory according to international requirements of biodiesel. It is expected that biorefinery approach will contribute greatly to zero-waste industrialization of macroalgal biomass-based bioactive nutraceuticals and biofuels.
Potential uses of methanolic extracts derived from cyanobacterial and microalgal biomass were evaluated as promising sustainable sources of bioactive phytochemicals for nutraceutical, cosmetic, and ...pharmaceutical applications. Among the cyanobacteria and microalgae tested, cyanobacterium
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008 biomass exhibited the highest phytochemicals, correlating with high occurrence of antioxidant activities. The antioxidant potential of
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008 was assessed using 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and potassium ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power (PFRAP) assays, giving ABTS activity of 38.99 mg TE/g extract, DPPH activity of 9.16 mg GAE/g extract and PFRAP activity of 11.48 mg GAE/g extract.
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008 yielded high levels of total phenolic contents (54.10 mg GAE/g extract) and pigments including chlorophyll (6.42 mg/g DW) and carotenoids (1.56 mg/g DW). Interestingly,
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008 showed high potent cytotoxic activity against malignant melanoma skin cancer cells (A375 cells), providing IC50 of 0.42 mg/mL. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS tentatively identified 83 phenolic compounds with favorable bioactivities from the methanolic extract of
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008. Among phytochemical profiles, the most abundant phenolic compound was
p
-coumaric acid (40.70%), indicating valuable biological activities. Results demonstrated that phytochemicals extracted from cyanobacterial biomass can be used as bioactive ingredients, with potential applications in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Graphical abstract
This study aimed to produce the cosmetically and nutraceutically protein hydrolysates derived from alkaline-soluble proteins of microalgal
Chlorella
biomass via Alcalase enzymatic hydrolysis ...approach. Protein hydrolysates having high degree of hydrolysis and bioactivities were obtained after response surface methodology (RSM) optimization under optimized conditions: pH of 6.5, 60 °C of reaction temperature, 3 h of hydrolysis, and 3% enzyme-to-substrate loading. Under optimum conditions, the Alcalase enzyme exhibited a high efficiency of cleaving peptide bonds within proteins by increased free amino groups in protein hydrolysates > 1.50-fold as compared to the unhydrolyzed protein. Antioxidative properties including DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ability were also increased with the IC
50
values of 0.16 and 0.58 mg protein/mL, respectively. Interestingly, protein hydrolysates showed a high-efficiency inhibition effect on tyrosinase activity using L-DOPA and L-tyrosine as substrates in melanogenesis with the IC
50
recorded at 0.99 and 0.41 mg protein/mL, respectively. Inhibitory kinetic studies confirmed that these protein hydrolysates demonstrated mixed inhibition of DPPH, FRAP, and tyrosinase enzyme when L-tyrosine was used as substrate and also exhibited an uncompetitive inhibition to tyrosinase enzyme when using L-DOPA substrate. SDS-PAGE proved that the molecular weight of protein hydrolysates was ≤ 2 kDa. More importantly, the presences of essential amino acids (> 62 g/100 g protein) were satisfactory according to amino acid requirements in human nutrients with the WHO/FAO/UNU standard. Therefore, this study highlighted that protein hydrolysates derived enzymatically from microalgal biomass could be potentially used as natural bioactive ingredient in cosmetic and/or nutraceutical applications.
This study aimed to maximize the biomass productivity of cyanobacterium
Nostoc
sp. AARL C008 by high-throughput bioprocess optimization, and to utilize the
Nostoc
biomass for application in ...multiproduct biorefinery towards holistic zero-waste technology. Through bioprocess optimization, maximum biomass productivity was obtained as 37.59 mg/L/day under modified BG-11 medium (0.190 g/L K
2
HPO
4
·3H
2
O, 0.0018 g/L citric acid and 2.53 mL/L trace metal solution) and continuous light feeding at 40 µmol/m
2
/s. The zero-waste biorefining process was successfully used for
Nostoc
biomass to sequentially recover polysaccharides, phytochemicals, and lipids.
Nostoc
polysaccharides exhibited the bio-stimulant potential having the ability to improve soil properties such as moisture content, organic matter, microbiological activity, and cation exchange capacity by increases measured as 1.30, 1.55, 1.53, and 1.47-fold, respectively, compared to the control in which polysaccharides were absent. With 120 mg/L polysaccharides, the short length of melon was significantly enhanced 1.29-fold, higher than the control. After polysaccharide extraction, the cyanobacterial biomass residue (CBR) was used to extract the phytochemicals.
Nostoc
phytochemicals showed high antioxidant activity, giving ABTS activity of 26.10 mg TE/g-extract, DPPH activity of 5.71 mg GAE/g-extract, and PFRAP activity of 7.79 mg GAE/g-extract, as well as offering high-efficiency inhibitive effects on cancer cells with the IC
50
recorded at 0.50 mg/mL. The CBR after phytochemical extraction can potentially be used to extract lipids prior to biodiesel production. The extracted lipid contained long-chain fatty acids with satisfactory fuel properties. The overall results evidenced that the multiproduct biorefining approach will make a significant contribution to the zero-waste industrialization of cyanobacterial-based bioproducts.
Lab-scale anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR) and oxic membrane bioreactor (O-MBR) systems using a submerged polysulfone hollow-fiber membrane module with a pore size of 0.01 μm and a total ...surface area of 1.50 m2 were used to treat domestic wastewater. The sludge retention time (SRT) of each system was examined by setting the SRT to 10, 20, and infinity (no sludge withdrawal). The results showed that the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the A/O-MBR was more significant than that of the O-MBR at a SRT of infinity, with figures of 72.3% and 33.1% being found, respectively. The COD removal efficiencies of the A/O-MBR system with a SRT of 10 days, 20 days, and infinity were 82.4%, 84.3%, and 91.5%, respectively. The COD removal efficiencies of the O-MBR system with a SRT of 10 days, 20 days, and infinity were 79.3%, 81.5%, and 89.8%, respectively. An increase in the SRT resulted in an increase in the COD removal efficiency. The FEEM peak of the influent tended to decrease after an increase in the SRT for both systems (A/O-MBR and O-MBR). For the A/O-MBR system, the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was significantly reduced by 88.91% (at a SRT of infinity). The THMFP declined significantly by 85.39% for the O-MBR system at a SRT of infinity. The A/O-MBR system showed a slightly higher efficiency than the O-MBR system in terms of the COD removal and the THMFP reduction. These results indicated that the MBR process, and the A/O-MBR system, in particular, could be used as an effective wastewater treatment process for many developing countries that are troubled by the emerging contamination of water and wastewater.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Diatoms, as single cell eukaryotic microalgae, are rich sources of lipids, which have either beneficial or detrimental effects on the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Gas ...chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified diatom lipids with high levels of essential fatty acids (EFAs), especially polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) containing both omega-3 and omega-6. Nutritional values of FAs indicated possible applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Diatom FAs showed antioxidative potential on harmful radicals by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging, with high inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that causes cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension. A computational molecular docking simulation confirmed the inhibition mechanisms of FAs on ACE, with comparable levels of binding free energy to chemically synthesized ACE drugs. Findings suggested that diatom lipids showed potential for use as alternative ACE inhibitors or food supplement for CVD prevention.
Cyanobacteria are rich in phytochemicals, which have beneficial impacts on the prevention of many diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize phytochemicals and evaluate ...multifunctional bioactivities in the ethanolic extract of the cyanobacterium
sp. KC45. Results found that the extract mainly contained chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, 38 phenolic compounds with promising bioactivities were discovered, and a higher diversity of flavonoids was found among the phenolic compounds identified. The extract effectively absorbed the harmful UV rays and showed high antioxidant activity on DPPH, ABTS, and PFRAP. The extract yielded high-efficiency inhibitory effects on enzymes (tyrosinase, collagenase, ACE, and α-glucosidase) related to diseases. Interestingly, the extract showed a strong cytotoxic effect on cancer cells (skin A375, lung A549, and colon Caco-2), but had a much smaller effect on normal cells, indicating a satisfactory level of safety for the extract. More importantly, the combination of the DNA ladder assay and the TUNEL assay proved the appearance of DNA fragmentation in cancer cells after a 48 h treatment with the extract, confirming the apoptosis mechanisms. Our findings suggest that cyanobacterium extract could be potentially used as a functional ingredient for various industrial applications in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals.
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•Bioaugmentation has the ability to generate algal-bacterial bioflocs effectively.•Algal-bacterial bioflocs recycle pollutants in aquaculture wastewater.•Implementation of ...agricultural wastes promotes algal-bacterial bioflocs.•Bioaugmentation alters water quality and microbial community structure.•Dual-bioaugmentation was most successful for biofloc formation and waste cycling.
This study performs an integrated evaluation of the formation and distribution of algal-bacterial bioflocs in aquaculture wastewater supplemented with agricultural waste, together with an assessment of their behavior in the microbial community and of the water quality of the system in which a new bioaugmentation strategy was applied. Results indicated that the dual bioaugmentation strategy via the consortium addition of bacteria and microalgae had the highest formation performance, providing the most compact biofloc structure (0.59 g/L), excellent settleability (71.91%), and a large particle diameter (4.25 mm). The fed-batch supplementation of molasses and rice bran, in terms of changes in the values of COD, NH4+, NO3–, and PO43–, stimulated the formation of biofloc through algal-bacterial bioflocs and microbe-rice bran complexes within a well-established microbial community. These findings provide new insight into the influence of bioaugmentation on the formation of an innovative algal-bacterial biofloc.
Dengue virus (DENV) infection poses a global health threat, leading to severe conditions with the potential for critical outcomes. Currently, there are no specific drugs available whereas the vaccine ...does not offer comprehensive protection across all DENV serotypes. Therefore, the development of potential anti-viral agents is necessary to reduce the severity risk and interrupt the transmission circuit. The search for effective antiviral agents against DENV has predominantly focused on natural resources, particularly those demonstrating diverse biological activities and high safety profiles. Cyanobacteria and algae including Leptolyngbya sp., Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp., and Sargassum spp., which are prevalent species in Thailand, have been reported for their diverse biological activities and high safety profile but not specifically for anti-DENV activity. In this study, the screening assay was performed to compare the anti-viral activity against DENV of crude polysaccharide and ethanolic extracts derived from 4 species of cyanobacteria and algae in Vero cells. Polysaccharide extracts from Sargassum spp. exhibited the most effective in inhibiting DENV-2 infection at co-infection conditions where the virus was exposed to the extract at the time of infection. Treatment of the extract significantly reduced the ability of DENV to bind to the host cells to 47.87 ± 3.88 % while treatment upon virus binding step had no anti-viral effect suggesting the underlaying mechanism of the extract on interfering virus binding step. Fucoidan, a key bioactive substance in Sargassum polysaccharide, showed to reduce DENV-2 infection to 26.59 ± 5.01 %, 20.46 ± 6.58 % in co-infection condition in Vero cells and A549 cell line, respectively. In accompanied with Sargassum polysaccharide, fucoidan disturbed the virus binding to the host cells. These findings warrant further development and exploration of the Sargassum-derived polysaccharide, fucoidan, as a promising candidate for combating DENV infections.
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