Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a persistent, and impairing pediatric-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Its high prevalence, and recurrent controversy over its widespread ...identification and treatment, drive strong interest in its etiology and mechanisms. Emerging evidence for a role for neuroinflammation in ADHD pathophysiology is of great interest. This evidence includes 1) the above-chance comorbidity of ADHD with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, 2) initial studies indicating an association with ADHD and increased serum cytokines, 3) preliminary evidence from genetic studies demonstrating associations between polymorphisms in genes associated with inflammatory pathways and ADHD, 4) emerging evidence that early life exposure to environmental factors may increase risk for ADHD via an inflammatory mechanism, and 5) mechanistic evidence from animal models of maternal immune activation documenting behavioral and neural outcomes consistent with ADHD. Prenatal exposure to inflammation is associated with changes in offspring brain development including reductions in cortical gray matter volume and the volume of certain cortical areas –parallel to observations associated with ADHD. Alterations in neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems, are observed in ADHD populations. Animal models provide strong evidence that development and function of these neurotransmitters systems are sensitive to exposure to in utero inflammation. In summary, accumulating evidence from human studies and animal models, while still incomplete, support a potential role for neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Confirmation of this association and the underlying mechanisms have become valuable targets for research. If confirmed, such a picture may be important in opening new intervention routes.
•ADHD etiology is complex with genetic and environmental factors contributing to risk.•Initial studies indicate an association with ADHD and peripheral inflammation.•Emerging evidence exists for a role for neuroinflammation in ADHD pathophysiology.•Animal models support link between developmental exposure to inflammation and ADHD.
Abstract
In the letters of Innocent I (402–17), presbyters are both priests (sacerdotes) and clerics (clerici), but usually only one of these dimensions is mentioned at a time. Presbyters shared ...priesthood with bishops, but only with regard to certain functions and responsibilities, like presiding over some of the sacraments. At other times it was their subservience to their bishops that saw them identified as clerics. An accurate picture comes from reading Innocent’s letters in their totality, rather than from any particular passage in isolation. The elasticity of terms is a reflection of a theology of ministry still in the early stages of its development. This is seen particularly in relation to marriage as an eligibility criterion and sexual continence and children as a cause for dismissal; these were priestly requirements that Innocent applied to everyone in official positions of authority and service, whether presbyters or not. This realization contributes to a better understanding of presbyters in late antiquity.
Raphael's painting from the second decade of the sixteenth century, The Meeting between Leo the Great and Atilla in the Room of Heliodorus in the Raphael Stanze in the Apostolic Palace in the ...Vatican, depicts Leo encountering the leader of the Huns just outside Rome. Raphael's source was the anonymous medieval Vita sancti Leonis papae. However, we know the meeting took place at the Mincio river near Mantua in 452. The presence of the Huns within the empire was a disruptive and destructive episode in the history of the late Roman empire in the West under Valentinian III, just as Alaric and the Goths had been from the end of the fourth century, and the crossing of the Rhine by Vandals, Alans, and Suebi had been at the end of 406. The Huns gained a reputation for barbarity and savagery, bringing terror and annihilation wherever they moved across Europe. While Prosper of Aquitaine attributed the success of turning back Attila to Leo I, bishop of Rome from 440-461 (ignoring Gennadius Avienus and Memmius Trygetius, the two other negotiators), other contemporary sources, like Priscus, attributed it to superstition from the Hunnic troops. The efforts of Aetius also need to be considered. Attila and the Huns has become an increasingly attractive topic for publication in recent years, both scholarly and popular. This paper will investigate and evaluate the reasons presented in our sources for the disruption to the Hunnic advance into Italy, suggesting that Attila's own success in the north of Italy in the previous year had interrupted his supply chain, making a move any further south in Italy strategically unwise.
Boniface I and the Apiarius Affair Dunn, Geoffrey D
Revue d'études augustiniennes et patristiques,
07/2022, Letnik:
68, Številka:
2
Journal Article
An otherwise unremarkable letter of the fifth-century Roman bishop Boniface I (418-422) (Dilectionis uestrae), preserved in the two manuscripts of the Collectio Frisingensis prima but omitted from ...Coustant’s 1721 edition of early papal letters, acknowledging a report he had received from Bishop Faustinus and two presbyters, when seen in the context in which the manuscript compiler of Clm. 6243 inserted it, actually extends our knowledge of the Apiarius affair. This ultimately concerned the rights of the church of Rome to hear judicial appeals from African lower clergy, which is part of the broader question of the primacy of the Roman church. While it is well known to scholarship that the African churches sometimes had issues with what they considered to be Zosimus’ (417-418) Roman overreach into African ecclesiastical affairs, this letter is evidence that Rome under Boniface held to the same position and that the Africans objections were not personal but in response to Rome’s mistaken conflation of canons from the synod of Serdica with those from Nicaea. This was a matter the Africans believed they had every right to settle within Africa, as much as the Roman bishops believed they themselves were acting in good faith. The importance of the letter lies in it offering something of Rome’s own perspective on the Apiarius affair apart from the information filtered through the African synodal canons.
Une lettre de l’évêque romain du ve siècle Boniface Ier (418-422) (Dilectionis uestrae), au contenu apparemment assez peu remarquable, se trouve conservée dans les deux manuscrits de la Collectio Frisingensis prima, mais a été omise par Coustant dans l’édition des premières lettres papales (1721). Or, dans cette lettre, Boniface fait état d’un rapport reçu de la part de l’évêque Faustinus et de deux prêtres, dont la mention, replacée dans le contexte dans lequel le compilateur du manuscrit Clm. 6243 l’a insérée, accroît significativement notre connaissance de l’affaire Apiarius. Comme on le sait, celle-ci concerne en définitive les droits de l’Église de Rome à entendre les appels judiciaires du bas-clergé africain, ce qui l’inscrit dans une problématique plus large : celle de la primauté de l’Église romaine. S’il est bien connu des spécialistes que les communautés africaines ont parfois eu des difficultés avec ce qu’elles considéraient comme une ingérence romaine excessive de Zosime (417-418) dans leurs affaires ecclésiastiques, cette lettre prouve que Rome tenait la même position sous Boniface et que les objections des Africains n’étaient pas personnelles, mais répondaient à l’amalgame erroné en vigueur à Rome entre canons du synode de Sardique et ceux de Nicée. Aussi s’agissait-il d’une question que les Africains estimaient avoir le droit de régler dans le seul cadre de leur territoire, tandis que les évêques romains pensaient eux-mêmes agir de bonne foi. Dès lors, l’importance de la lettre réside dans le fait qu’elle présente une perspective propre à Rome sur l’affaire Apiarius, indépendante des informations filtrées par les canons synodaux africains.
The current COVID-19 pandemic has seen some turn to the past to see if the historical evidence provides any assistance to forecasting the probable duration and intensity of the disease and the length ...of time until a vaccine or cure is found. In this paper, on the contrary, the aim is to look to the present situation to help understand the past. The current pandemic, which seems impossible to halt even as vaccines start to roll out, and threatens to destroy the way people interact with one another and provide for their families has undermined confidence in the progress of medical science and the human mastery over the natural world. The fear and helplessness that has come in its wake is much the way people in previous centuries felt in the face of rampant and uncontrollable disease. In this paper several episodes of the first bubonic plague, known as the plague of Justinian, that lasted from the sixth to eighth centuries, as reported by Gregory I, bishop of Rome, and Gregory, bishop of Tours, both active at the end of the sixth century, will be explored. In light of our own experience of vulnerability because of the impotence of modern medicine so far to offer protection, we are better able to appreciate the reaction of people who lived in Lombard Italy and Merovingian France to intractable natural disaster.
Abstract
Zosimus' Epistula 7 (JK 333 = J3 739, Quid de Proculi) to Patroclus, bishop of Arles, would suggest the normal operations of ecclesiastical judicial procedures: Proclus had been condemned, ...the validity of an earlier synodal decision had been overturned, and Patroclus' own authority had been upheld. Appearances, however, can be deceiving. Other letters in Liber auctoritatem ecclesiae Arelatensis, particularly three written by Zosimus also in September 417, inform us about just how controversial were not only Patroclus' claims to authority in southern Gaul but Zosimus' support of Patroclus and his assertion that the Roman church had a role in arbitrating these claims. The evidence in the collection is of a dispute conducted with anything but diplomacy. This paper sets Quid de Proculi in its broader context to reveal how both Zosimus and the church of Arles tried, unwittingly or not, to promote a false memory about the church of Arles.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Offspring amygdala microglia count were associated with maternal diet and adiposity.•Microglia number in the offspring were not associated with maternal inflammation.•Offspring cytokines were ...positively associated with maternal chemokines.•Offspring chemokines were negatively associated with maternal chemokines.•Maternal diet and adiposity exert unique effect on offspring inflammatory outcomes.
The obesity epidemic affects 40% of adults in the US, with approximately one-third of pregnant women classified as obese. Previous research suggests that children born to obese mothers are at increased risk for a number of health conditions. The mechanisms behind this increased risk are poorly understood. Increased exposure to in-utero inflammation induced by maternal obesity is proposed as an underlying mechanism for neurodevelopmental alterations in offspring. Utilizing a non-human primate model of maternal obesity, we hypothesized that maternal consumption of an obesogenic diet will predict offspring peripheral (e.g., cytokines and chemokines) and central (microglia number) inflammatory outcomes via the diet’s effects on maternal adiposity and maternal inflammatory state during the third trimester. We used structural equation modeling to simultaneously examine the complex associations among maternal diet, metabolic state, adiposity, inflammation, and offspring central and peripheral inflammation. Four latent variables were created to capture maternal chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and offspring cytokine and chemokines. Model results showed that offspring microglia counts in the basolateral amygdala were associated with maternal diet (β = −0.622, p < 0.01), adiposity (β = 0.593, p < 0.01), and length of gestation (β = 0.164, p < 0.05) but not with maternal chemokines (β = 0.135, p = 0.528) or maternal pro-inflammatory cytokines (β = 0.083, p = 0.683). Additionally, we found that juvenile offspring peripheral cytokines (β = −0.389, p < 0.01) and chemokines (β = −0.298, p < 0.05) were associated with a maternal adiposity-induced decrease in maternal circulating chemokines during the third trimester (β = −0.426, p < 0.01). In summary, these data suggest that maternal diet and adiposity appear to directly predict offspring amygdala microglial counts while maternal adiposity influences offspring peripheral inflammatory outcomes via maternal inflammatory state.
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