Large arrays of cryogenic sensors for various imaging applications ranging across x-ray, gamma-ray, cosmic microwave background, mm/sub-mm, as well as particle detection increasingly rely on ...superconducting microresonators for high multiplexing factors. These microresonators take the form of microwave SQUIDs that couple to transition-edge sensors or microwave kinetic inductance detectors. In principle, such arrays can be read out with vastly scalable software-defined radio using suitable FPGAs, ADCs and DACs. In this work, we share plans and show initial results for SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency (SMuRF) electronics, a next-generation control and readout system for superconducting microresonators. SMuRF electronics are unique in their implementation of specialized algorithms for closed-loop tone tracking, which consists of fast feedback and feedforward to each resonator’s excitation parameters based on transmission measurements. Closed-loop tone tracking enables improved system linearity, a significant increase in sensor count per readout line, and the possibility of overcoupled resonator designs for enhanced dynamic range. Low-bandwidth prototype electronics were used to demonstrate closed-loop tone tracking on twelve 300-kHz-wide microwave SQUID resonators, spaced at
∼
6 MHz with center frequencies
∼
5–6 GHz. We achieve multi-kHz tracking bandwidth and demonstrate that the noise floor of the electronics is subdominant to the noise intrinsic in the multiplexer.
Microwave Multiplexing on the Keck Array Cukierman, A.; Ahmed, Z.; Henderson, S. ...
Journal of low temperature physics,
05/2020, Letnik:
199, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We describe an on-sky demonstration of a microwave-multiplexing readout system in one of the receivers of the Keck Array, a polarimetry experiment observing the cosmic microwave background at the ...South Pole. During the austral summer of 2018–2019, we replaced the time-division multiplexing readout system with microwave-multiplexing components including superconducting microwave resonators coupled to radio frequency superconducting quantum interference devices at the sub-Kelvin focal plane, coaxial-cable plumbing and amplification between room temperature and the cold stages, and a SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency system for the warm electronics. In the range 5–6 GHz, a single coaxial cable reads out 528 channels. The readout system is coupled to transition-edge sensors, which are in turn coupled to 150-GHz slot-dipole phased-array antennas. Observations began in April 2019, and we report here on an initial characterization of the system performance.
A GHz bandwidth vertical beam feedback system has been in development at the CERN SPS for control of unstable vertical beam motion in single bunch and bunch train configurations. We present ...measurements and recent studies of stable and unstable motion for intensities up to 2 × 1011 p/bunch1. The system has been operated at 3.2 GS/s with 16 samples across a 5-ns RF bucket (4.2 ns 3σ bunch at injection) and experimental results confirm damping of intra-bunch instabilities in Q20, Q22 and Q26 optics configurations. Instabilities with growth rates of 1/200 turns are well-controlled from injection, consistent with the achievable gains for the 2 installed stripline kickers with 1 kW broadband power. Measurements from multiple studies in single-bunch and bunch train configurations show achieved damping rates, control of multiple intra-bunch modes, behavior of the system at injection (including interaction with the existing vertical damper) and final damped noise floor. The work is motivated by anticipated intensity increases from the LIU and HL-LHC upgrade programs 2, and has included the development of a new 1 GHz bandwidth slotline kicker structure and associated amplifier system.
TES X-ray Spectrometer at SLAC LCLS-II Li, Dale; Alpert, B. K.; Becker, D. T. ...
Journal of low temperature physics,
12/2018, Letnik:
193, Številka:
5-6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We are building a transition edge sensor (TES) X-ray spectrometer for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS-II) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) to coincide with new upgrades for this ...free electron laser facility. This new X-ray spectrometer will have 1000 TES pixels with 0.5 eV energy resolution for soft X-rays below 1 keV. Multiplexing will be done with microwave SQUID resonators and new specialized electronic hardware developed at SLAC. This spectrometer will use a dilution refrigerator to achieve lower operating temperatures than previous TES spectrometers and will be coupled to the liquid jet endstation at LCLS-II. The spectrometer is designed to operate at much higher count rates than previous TES X-ray spectrometers to take advantage of the high repetition rate of the LCLS-II. Science applications will utilize the high photon collection efficiency and throughput, high energy resolution, as well as its ability to simultaneously measure its full calibrated energy range.
Microwave Multiplexing on the Keck Array Cukierman, A.; Ahmed, Z.; Henderson, S. ...
Journal of low temperature physics,
12/2019, Letnik:
199, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we describe an on-sky demonstration of a microwave-multiplexing readout system in one of the receivers of the Keck Array, a polarimetry experiment observing the cosmic microwave ...background at the South Pole. During the austral summer of 2018–2019, we replaced the time-division multiplexing readout system with microwave-multiplexing components including superconducting microwave resonators coupled to radio frequency superconducting quantum interference devices at the sub-Kelvin focal plane, coaxial-cable plumbing and amplification between room temperature and the cold stages, and a SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency system for the warm electronics. In the range 5–6 GHz, a single coaxial cable reads out 528 channels. The readout system is coupled to transition-edge sensors, which are in turn coupled to 150-GHz slot-dipole phased-array antennas. Observations began in April 2019, and we report here on an initial characterization of the system performance.
A microwave SQUID multiplexer (\(\mu\)MUX) has been optimized for coupling to large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. We present the scalable cryogenic multiplexer ...chip design in a 1820-channel multiplexer configuration for the 4-8 GHz rf band. The key metrics of yield, sensitivity, and crosstalk are determined through measurements of 455 readout channels, which span 4-5 GHz. The median white-noise level is 45 pA/\(\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}\), evaluated at 2 Hz, with a 1/f knee \(\leq\) 20 mHz after common-mode subtraction. The white-noise level decreases the sensitivity of a TES bolometer optimized for detection of the cosmic microwave background at 150 GHz by only 3%. The measured crosstalk between any channel pair is \(\leq\) 0.3%.
The KTeV hardware cluster counter Bown, C.; Cheu, E.; Dusatko, J. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
01/1996, Letnik:
369, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have designed and built a trigger processor that determines the number of isolated showers deposited in the electromagnetic calorimeter of the KTeV detector. Our algorithm takes advantage of ...pattern recognition and parallel processing techniques to increase its speed relative to more conventional cluster finding algorithms. With a relatively modest clock speed of 20 MHz, this processor reaches a decision in under 2 μs.
SVT: an online Silicon Vertex Tracker for the CDF upgrade Bardi, A.; Belforte, S.; Berryhill, J. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/1998, Letnik:
409, Številka:
1-3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The SVT is an online tracker for the CDF upgrade which will reconstruct 2D tracks using information from the Silicon VerteX detector (SVXII) and Central Outer Tracker (COT). The precision measurement ...of the track impact parameter will then be used to select and record large samples of B hadrons. We discuss the overall architecture, algorithms, and hardware implementation of the system.
The BaBar drift chamber Bajic, A.; Sciolla, G.; Bard, R. ...
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,
12/1998, Letnik:
419, Številka:
2-3
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The central drift chamber for the BaBar detector at the PEP-II B-factory at SLAC is a cylindrical chamber with a length of 280cm and outer radius of 81cm. It consists of 40 layers of small hexagonal ...cells arranged in 10 axial and stereo super layers.
In order to minimize multiple scattering, light materials are used for the mechanical structure, and the gas mixture is helium based. The pulse height and timing electronics are mounted directly on the chamber rear end plate.
A full-length prototype of the BaBar drift chamber has been built. The analysis of cosmic-ray events measures the spatial resolution averaged in the cell to be 130μm and the dE/dx resolution to be 6.8%, meeting the performance goals for the BaBar central tracker.
The mechanical assembly and stringing of the chamber was completed in December 1997 and the detector will be integrated into BaBar during summer 1998.
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