The Handbook introduces, contextualises, critiques, and discusses a range of perspectives associated with the concept of the circular economy. These perspectives span an array of subjects including ...economics, environmental policymaking, sociology, environmental science, environmental and industrial engineering, management, international development, and human geography.
A fundamental underpinning of the Handbook is that it takes account of a wide range of sectors, as well as geographical perspectives that incorporate both a Global North and Global South world context. This approach is crucial because it is only within such a holistic perspective that the circular economy concept can truly be examined. In addition, these issues are examined both from a theoretical as well as a practical perspective, using real-world case studies for illustration.
Given its wide subject, sectoral, and geographical areas of focus, the Handbook should be of value not only for those undertaking research in the field of circular economy but also stakeholders involved in policymaking, as well as decision-making on the front line.
Este artigo estuda os casos de vinte e sete homens agraciados com o título de Cavaleiro das Ordens Militares Portuguesas do Cristo, Santiago e de Avis, do início do século XVII até 1731, nos quais ...testemunhas da investigação sobre antecedentes haviam atestado que os pais ou avós desses homens haviam sido descritos como "mulatos" e/ou descendentes de escravos africanos. Quase todos os casos envolviam pessoas que viviam em Portugal. Com apenas uma exceção, a dispensa exigida foi por "falta de qualidade" e não por "pureza de sangue". Mais de 80% dessas pessoas receberam dispensas por serem "mulatos", e se tornaram membros da Ordem de Cristo (a maioria) ou da Ordem de Santiago.
Studies the cases of twenty-seven men awarded knighthoods in the Portuguese Military Orders of Christ, Santiago and Avis from the early seventeenth century to 1731, where witnesses in the background investigation had testified that the parents or grandparents of these men had been described as "mulatos" and/or descended from African slaves. Almost all the cases involved people who were living in Portugal. With one exception, the needed dispensation was for "falta de qualidade" and not for "pureza de sangue." More than 80% received dispensations for being "mulato" and became members of the Order of Christ (the majority) or the Order of Santiago
Cet article étudie les cas de vingt-sept hommes sacrés chevaliers des ordres militaires du Christ, de Santiago et de Avis, depuis le début du dix-septième siècle jusqu'à 1731, ou les témoins de l'enquête sur leurs antécédents avaient certifié que les parents ou les grands-parents de ces hommes avaient été décrits comme des "mulatos" et/ou descendants d'esclaves africains. Dans presque tout les cas il s'agissait de personnes qui vivaient au Portugal. Avec une seule exception, la dispense nécessaire a été pour raisons de "manque de qualité" et non pas pour des raisons de "pureté du sang". Plus de 80% de ces hommes ont été dispensés du fait d'être des "mulatos" et devinrent des membres de l'Ordre du Christ (la majorité) ou de l'Ordre de Santiago.
... he suggested that the frontiers of Beira or Minho which had a better climate for his illnesses and where he had a commandery. Since an uncle of his wife lived in the region, the disgrace might ...not be known outside the family.53 On March 4, 1653, the Conselho Geral of the Santo Oficio in response to his petition, commuted his banishment to Salvatierra de Galicia and gave him a month to prepare for his banishment.54 The next news of the whereabouts of the Morgado de Oliveira is an affidavit dated April 8, 1654 from Santos Mendes, identified as a "physician stationed in Vila de Ponte de Lima," in northern Portugal, who said he found Luis Francisco in the house of the governador das armas of that province-not named, but the Morgado's relative, D. Diogo de Lima e Brito, Viscount of Vila Nova da Cerveira.
Principalmente através dos esforços do Jesuíta o Padre António Vieira, três membros masculines da sua família—o seu pai (Cristóvão Vieira Ravasco), o seu irmão mais novo (Bemardo Vieira Ravasco) e o ...seu sobrinho e o filho ilegítim de Bernardo (Gonçalo Ravasco Cavalcanti e Albuquerque)—foram nomeados cavaleiros na prestigiosa Ordem de Cristo. Porém, só um dos três—Gonçalo—na realidade tornou-se um membro. Este artigo examina as razões das fraquezas e igualmente as dificuldades que Gonçalo encontrou antes de ter o sucesso finalmente. O problem principal foi que a avó patema de António Vieira era de "corparda" e nem ele nemo seu irmão sabiam o nome da sua avó patema nem o lugar natal do seu pai, ambos avós paternos e o seu avô materno. Apesar da influência do Padre António Vieira, principalmente foram o tempo e a distância social que finalmente premiaram o sucesso da familia para obter o titulo de cavaleiro na Ordem de Cristo—quase quarenta e quatro anos depois que Cristóvâo Vieira Ravasco o tinha recebido a mercê do hábito.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
This study examines the major events that led to the Spanish control of Portugal in 1580 and the major causes of the revolt in 1640. Included is a detailed study of the emergence of the Portuguese ...military, the social and economic conditions that played a decisive role during the Revolution, and the emergence of a national spirit that led to the defeat of one of the most politically and militarily powerful countries in seventeenth century Europe. This book contains fifteen black and white photographs.
Diseases that cause hemolysis or myonecrosis lead to the leakage of large amounts of heme proteins. Free heme has proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Heme induces TLR4-dependent production of ...tumor necrosis factor (TNF), whereas heme cytotoxicity has been attributed to its ability to intercalate into cell membranes and cause oxidative stress. We show that heme caused early macrophage death characterized by the loss of plasma membrane integrity and morphologic features resembling necrosis. Heme-induced cell death required TNFR1 and TLR4/MyD88-dependent TNF production. Addition of TNF to Tlr4−/− or to Myd88−/− macrophages restored heme-induced cell death. The use of necrostatin-1, a selective inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1, also known as RIPK1), or cells deficient in Rip1 or Rip3 revealed a critical role for RIP proteins in heme-induced cell death. Serum, antioxidants, iron chelation, or inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) ameliorated heme-induced oxidative burst and blocked macrophage cell death. Macrophages from heme oxygenase-1 deficient mice (Hmox1−/−) had increased oxidative stress and were more sensitive to heme. Taken together, these results revealed that heme induces macrophage necrosis through 2 synergistic mechanisms: TLR4/Myd88-dependent expression of TNF and TLR4-independent generation of ROS.
Pathogenic microbes are known to manipulate the defences of their hosts through the production of secreted effector proteins. More recently, mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi have also been described as ...using these secreted effectors to promote host colonization. Here we characterize a mycorrhiza-induced small secreted effector protein of 10 kDa produced by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus, PaMiSSP10b.
We demonstrate that PaMiSSP10b is secreted from fungal hyphae, enters the cells of its host, Eucalyptus grandis, and interacts with an S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) in the polyamine pathway. Plant polyamines are regulatory molecules integral to the plant immune system during microbial challenge.
Using biochemical and transgenic approaches we show that expression of PaMiSSP10b influences levels of polyamines in the plant roots as it enhances the enzymatic activity of AdoMetDC and increases the biosynthesis of higher polyamines. This ultimately favours the colonization success of P. albus.
These results identify a new mechanism by which mutualistic microbes are able to manipulate the host's enzymatic pathways to favour colonization.
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by features reminiscent of marked premature ageing. Here, we present evidence of mutations in lamin A (LMNA) as ...the cause of this disorder. The HGPS gene was initially localized to chromosome 1q by observing two cases of uniparental isodisomy of 1q-the inheritance of both copies of this material from one parent-and one case with a 6-megabase paternal interstitial deletion. Sequencing of LMNA, located in this interval and previously implicated in several other heritable disorders, revealed that 18 out of 20 classical cases of HGPS harboured an identical de novo (that is, newly arisen and not inherited) single-base substitution, G608G(GGC > GGT), within exon 11. One additional case was identified with a different substitution within the same codon. Both of these mutations result in activation of a cryptic splice site within exon 11, resulting in production of a protein product that deletes 50 amino acids near the carboxy terminus. Immunofluorescence of HGPS fibroblasts with antibodies directed against lamin A revealed that many cells show visible abnormalities of the nuclear membrane. The discovery of the molecular basis of this disease may shed light on the general phenomenon of human ageing.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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