Routine childhood vaccination is among the most cost-effective, successful public health interventions available. Amid substantial investments to expand vaccine delivery throughout Africa and ...strengthen administrative reporting systems, most countries still require robust measures of local routine vaccine coverage and changes in geographical inequalities over time.
This analysis drew from 183 surveys done between 2000 and 2016, including data from 881 268 children in 49 African countries. We used a Bayesian geostatistical model calibrated to results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017, to produce annual estimates with high-spatial resolution (5 × 5 km) of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine coverage and dropout for children aged 12–23 months in 52 African countries from 2000 to 2016.
Estimated third-dose (DPT3) coverage increased in 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval UI 64·6–80·3) of second-level administrative units in Africa from 2000 to 2016, but substantial geographical inequalities in DPT coverage remained across and within African countries. In 2016, DPT3 coverage at the second administrative (ie, district) level varied by more than 25% in 29 of 52 countries, with only two (Morocco and Rwanda) of 52 countries meeting the Global Vaccine Action Plan target of 80% DPT3 coverage or higher in all second-level administrative units with high confidence (posterior probability ≥95%). Large areas of low DPT3 coverage (≤50%) were identified in the Sahel, Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and in Angola. Low first-dose (DPT1) coverage (≤50%) and high relative dropout (≥30%) together drove low DPT3 coverage across the Sahel, Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, Guinea, and Angola.
Despite substantial progress in Africa, marked national and subnational inequalities in DPT coverage persist throughout the continent. These results can help identify areas of low coverage and vaccine delivery system vulnerabilities and can ultimately support more precise targeting of resources to improve vaccine coverage and health outcomes for African children.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
(Abstracted from
JAMA
2023;330(1):52–61)
Recent evidence shows that maternal mortality is higher in the United States than any high-income country and that it is increasing. Previous research on this ...topic has been limited by inconsistent terminology, definitions, and methods.
Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality in the United States, yet information about smoking prevalence and trends is not routinely available below the state ...level, impeding local-level action.
We used data on 4.7 million adults age 18 and older from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 1996 to 2012. We derived cigarette smoking status from self-reported data in the BRFSS and applied validated small area estimation methods to generate estimates of current total cigarette smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking prevalence for 3,127 counties and county equivalents annually from 1996 to 2012. We applied a novel method to correct for bias resulting from the exclusion of the wireless-only population in the BRFSS prior to 2011.
Total cigarette smoking prevalence varies dramatically between counties, even within states, ranging from 9.9% to 41.5% for males and from 5.8% to 40.8% for females in 2012. Counties in the South, particularly in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia, as well as those with large Native American populations, have the highest rates of total cigarette smoking, while counties in Utah and other Western states have the lowest. Overall, total cigarette smoking prevalence declined between 1996 and 2012 with a median decline across counties of 0.9% per year for males and 0.6% per year for females, and rates of decline for males and females in some counties exceeded 3% per year. Statistically significant declines were concentrated in a relatively small number of counties, however, and more counties saw statistically significant declines in male cigarette smoking prevalence (39.8% of counties) than in female cigarette smoking prevalence (16.2%). Rates of decline varied by income level: counties in the top quintile in terms of income experienced noticeably faster declines than those in the bottom quintile.
County-level estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence provide a unique opportunity to assess where prevalence remains high and where progress has been slow. These estimates provide the data needed to better develop and implement strategies at a local and at a state level to further reduce the burden imposed by cigarette smoking.
Spikes in automobile fatalities in 2015 and 2016 have renewed discussions about automobile safety. We measured the prevalence of reported seat-belt compliance in every US county from 2002 to 2012 and ...found considerable variation.
Large disparities in mortality exist across racial–ethnic groups and by location in the USA, but the extent to which racial–ethnic disparities vary by location, or how these patterns vary by cause of ...death, is not well understood. We aimed to estimate age-standardised mortality by racial–ethnic group, county, and cause of death and describe the intersection between racial–ethnic and place-based disparities in mortality in the USA, comparing patterns across health conditions.
We applied small-area estimation models to death certificate data from the US National Vital Statistics system and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate mortality by age, sex, county, and racial–ethnic group annually from 2000 to 2019 for 19 broad causes of death. Race and ethnicity were categorised as non-Latino and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (Asian), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Black (Black), Latino or Hispanic (Latino), and non-Latino and non-Hispanic White (White). We adjusted these mortality rates to correct for misreporting of race and ethnicity on death certificates and generated age-standardised results using direct standardisation to the 2010 US census population.
From 2000 to 2019, across 3110 US counties, racial–ethnic disparities in age-standardised mortality were noted for all causes of death considered. Mortality was substantially higher in the AIAN population (all-cause mortality 1028·2 95% uncertainty interval 922·2–1142·3 per 100 000 population in 2019) and Black population (953·5 947·5–958·8 per 100 000) than in the White population (802·5 800·3–804·7 per 100 000), but substantially lower in the Asian population (442·3 429·3–455·0 per 100 000) and Latino population (595·6 583·7–606·8 per 100 000), and this pattern was found for most causes of death. However, there were exceptions to this pattern, and the exact order among racial–ethnic groups, magnitude of the disparity in both absolute and relative terms, and change over time in this magnitude varied considerably by cause of death. Similarly, substantial geographical variation in mortality was observed for all causes of death, both overall and within each racial–ethnic group. Racial–ethnic disparities observed at the national level reflect widespread disparities at the county level, although the magnitude of these disparities varied widely among counties. Certain patterns of disparity were nearly universal among counties; for example, in 2019, mortality was higher among the AIAN population than the White population in at least 95% of counties for skin and subcutaneous diseases (455 97·8% of 465 counties with unmasked estimates) and HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (458 98·5% counties), and mortality was higher among the Black population than the White population in nearly all counties for skin and subcutaneous diseases (1436 96·6% of 1486 counties), diabetes and kidney diseases (1473 99·1%), maternal and neonatal disorders (1486 100·0% counties), and HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (1486 100·0% counties).
Disparities in mortality among racial–ethnic groups are ubiquitous, occurring across locations in the USA and for a wide range of health conditions. There is an urgent need to address the shared structural factors driving these widespread disparities.
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, US National Institutes of Health.
The study attempts to evaluate the trend and patterns of geographic variation in mortality from substance use disorders as well as intentional injuries among U.S. countries during the period 1980 to ...2014. The results indicate that mortality due to alcohol disorders, drug use disorders, self-harm, and interpersonal violence varied widely among U.S. countries during the specified period, both in terms of levels of mortality and trends.
Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with several chronic conditions, increased medical care costs, and premature death.
We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a ...state-based random-digit telephone survey that covers the majority of United States counties, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. About 3.7 million adults aged 20 years or older participated in the BRFSS from 2000 to 2011, and 30,000 adults aged 20 or older participated in NHANES from 1999 to 2010. We calculated body mass index (BMI) from self-reported weight and height in the BRFSS and adjusted for self-reporting bias using NHANES. We calculated self-reported physical activity-both any physical activity and physical activity meeting recommended levels-from self-reported data in the BRFSS. We used validated small area estimation methods to generate estimates of obesity and physical activity prevalence for each county annually for 2001 to 2011.
Our results showed an increase in the prevalence of sufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2009. Levels were generally higher in men than in women, but increases were greater in women than men. Counties in Kentucky, Florida, Georgia, and California reported the largest gains. This increase in level of activity was matched by an increase in obesity in almost all counties during the same time period. There was a low correlation between level of physical activity and obesity in US counties. From 2001 to 2009, controlling for changes in poverty, unemployment, number of doctors per 100,000 population, percent rural, and baseline levels of obesity, for every 1 percentage point increase in physical activity prevalence, obesity prevalence was 0.11 percentage points lower.
Our study showed that increased physical activity alone has a small impact on obesity prevalence at the county level in the US. Indeed, the rise in physical activity levels will have a positive independent impact on the health of Americans as it will reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Other changes such as reduction in caloric intake are likely needed to curb the obesity epidemic and its burden.
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