Electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors are one of the largest and commercially successful groups of biosensors. Integration of nanomaterials in the biosensors results in significant improvement of ...biosensor sensitivity, limit of detection, stability, response rate and other analytical characteristics. Thus, new functional nanomaterials are key components of numerous biosensors. However, due to the great variety of available nanomaterials, they should be carefully selected according to the desired effects. The present review covers the recent applications of various types of nanomaterials in electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors for the detection of small biomolecules, environmental pollutants, food contaminants, and clinical biomarkers. Benefits and limitations of using nanomaterials for analytical purposes are discussed. Furthermore, we highlight specific properties of different nanomaterials, which are relevant to electrochemical biosensors. The review is structured according to the types of nanomaterials. We describe the application of inorganic nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), zeolites, inorganic quantum dots, and organic nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon and graphene quantum dots, graphene, fullerenes, and calixarenes. Usage of composite nanomaterials is also presented.
Application of nanomaterials greatly improves performance of electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors.
In the review, the principles and main purposes of using multienzyme systems in electrochemical biosensors are analyzed. Coupling several enzymes allows an extension of the spectrum of detectable ...substances, an increase in the biosensor sensitivity (in some cases, by several orders of magnitude), and an improvement of the biosensor selectivity, as showed on the examples of amperometric, potentiometric, and conductometric biosensors. The biosensors based on cascade, cyclic and competitive enzyme systems are described alongside principles of function, advantages, disadvantages and practical use for real sample analyses in various application areas (food production and quality control, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring). The complications and restrictions regarding the development of multienzyme biosensors are evaluated. The recommendations on the reasonability of elaboration of novel multienzyme biosensors are given.
Display omitted
•Biosensors based on cascade, cyclic and competitive enzyme systems are described.•Advantages and limitations of multienzyme electrochemical biosensors are analyzed.•Multienzyme systems allow an extension of the spectrum of detectable substances.•An improvement of the biosensor sensitivity and selectivity is possible.
The work was aimed at the development of a biosensor array for the simultaneous determination of six solutes (glutamate, glucose, choline, acetylcholine, lactate, and pyruvate) in aqueous solutions. ...Enzymes selective for these substrates were immobilized on the surface of amperometric platinum disc electrodes and served as bioselective elements of a biosensor array. Direct enzymatic analysis by the developed biosensors provided high sensitivity to the tested substrates (limits of detection were 1–5 μM). The linear ranges of the biosensors were from 0.001–0.01 mM to 0.2–2.5 mM. The influence of solution pH, ionic strength and buffer capacity on the biosensor responses was investigated; the conditions for simultaneous operation of all the bioselective elements were optimized. The absence of any cross-influence of the substrates of enzymatic systems used was shown as well as a high selectivity of the biosensors and the absence of any impact of interfering substances (ascorbic acid, dopamine, cysteine, paracetamol). The developed biosensor array had good response reproducibility and storage stability. The array is suitable for rapid (0.5–1 min) and simple simultaneous determination of glutamate, glucose, choline, acetylcholine, lactate, and pyruvate in aqueous (biological) samples; furthermore, the creation of a single chip with six sensitive elements is possible as well as the addition of other biosensors.
•A biosensor array for neurotransmitter and metabolite determination was created.•It is based on enzymes immobilized on platinum disc electrodes.•Quick response, simplicity, and low cost are advantages of the biosensor array.•The biosensor array can be used for the analysis of aqueous sample composition.
•Novel biosensor was proposed for determination of patulin inhibitory potency.•Biosensor principle was based on urease inhibition by patulin.•The proposed biosensor was optimized for analysis of ...patulin inhibitory potency.•The developed biosensor was characterized by a high sensitivity to patulin.•Selectivity of the developed biosensor to different groups of toxins was analyzed.
The research is aimed at the development and optimization of conductometric biosensor for determination of the inhibitory potency of patulin and verification of its feasibility after reactivation. A differential pair of gold interdigitated electrodes deposited on the sital substrate was used as the conductometric transducer of a signal. Urease, co-immobilized with bovine serum albumin by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde on the transducer surface, served as a bioselective membrane. The proposed biosensor was optimized for determination of the inhibitory potency of patulin. It was characterized by quite high sensitivity to patulin, good selectivity and signal reproducibility. A multiple restoration of the biosensor activity after use was rendered possible by a cysteine treatment. It was also tested the sensitivity of the biosensor developed to other groups of toxic substances. In the future, the proposed biosensor can be successfully used for the patulin analysis in real samples.
The aim of this work was to develop an array of biosensors for simultaneous determination of four carbohydrates in solution. Several enzyme systems selective to lactose, maltose, sucrose and glucose ...were immobilised on the surface of four conductometric transducers and served as bio-recognition elements of the biosensor array. Direct enzyme analysis carried out by the developed biosensors was highly sensitive to the corresponding substrates. The analysis lasted 2min. The dynamic range of substrate determination extended from 0.001mM to 1.0–3.0mM, and strongly depended on the enzyme system used. An effect of the solution pH, ionic strength and buffer capacity on the biosensors responses was investigated; the conditions of simultaneous operation of all biosensors were optimised. The data on cross-impact of the substrates of all biosensors were obtained; the biosensor selectivity towards possible interfering carbohydrates was tested. The developed biosensor array showed good signal reproducibility and storage stability. The biosensor array is suited for simultaneous, quick, simple, and selective determination of maltose, lactose, sucrose and glucose.
•We developed an array of 4 conductometric biosensors based on hydrolytic enzymes.•Conditions for simultaneous operation of all biosensors were selected.•Biosensor array showed good signal reproducibility and storage stability.•The possibility of simultaneous selective determination of carbohydrates was shown.
A new conductometric biosensor based on coimmobilized urease and arginase has been developed for arginine determination in pharmaceutics. First, the main parameters of the selected method of ...immobilization (concentrations of arginase, urease, and glutaraldehyde, time of incubation) were optimized. An influence of the solution parameters (buffer ionic strength, capacity, pH, Mn2+ concentration) on the biosensor operation was studied, working conditions were optimized. After biosensor optimization, the main analytical characteristics were as follows. The limit of detection - 2.5 μM, the linear range - 2.5–500 μM, the sensitivity to arginine 13.4 ± 2.4 μS/mM, the response time - 20 s. The signals repeatability and operational stability in continuous exploitation were studied over one working day and during one week. Additionally, the selectivity of the developed biosensor towards arginine was essayed relative to other amino acids.
The developed biosensor has been used to measure arginine concentrations in some drugs. The results obtained were in high correlation with the characteristics declared by producers.
•We developed a conductometric arginine biosensor based on arginase and urease.•Biosensor showed good signal reproducibility, sensitivity and selectivity.•Biosensor was used to analyze the arginine concentration in pharmaceutical samples.•Results obtained were in good correlation with concentrations declared by producers.
This study aimed at the development and optimization of a potentiometric biosensor based on pH-sensitive field-effect transistors and acetylcholinesterase for aflatoxin B1 determination in real ...samples. Optimal conditions for bioselective elements operation were defined and analytical characteristics of the proposed biosensor were studied. The proposed biosensor characterized high operational stability and reproducibility of signal. Selectivity of acetylcholinesterase-biosensor to aflatoxins in relation to other groups of toxic substances was analyzed. The developed biosensor was applied to the determination of aflatoxin B1 in real samples (sesame, walnut and pea).
Display omitted
•The new potentiometric biosensor for aflatoxin B1 analysis was created.•The main analytical characteristics of the developed biosensor were studied.•The optimal conditions of biosensor work with real samples were defined.•The developed biosensor was applied for aflatoxin B1 analysis in real samples.
In this work, we developed a new amperometric biosensor for glutamate detection using a typical method of glutamate oxidase (GlOx) immobilization via adsorption on silicalite particles. The disc ...platinum electrode (
d
= 0.4 mm) was used as the amperometric sensor. The procedure of biosensor preparation was optimized. The main parameters of modifying amperometric transducers with a silicalite layer were determined along with the procedure of GlOx adsorption on this layer. The biosensors based on GlOx adsorbed on silicalite demonstrated high sensitivity to glutamate. The linear range of detection was from 2.5 to 450 μM, and the limit of glutamate detection was 1 μM. It was shown that the proposed biosensors were characterized by good response reproducibility during hours of continuous work and operational stability for several days. The developed biosensors could be applied for determination of glutamate in real samples.
The paper presents a simple and inexpensive reusable biosensor for determination of the concentration of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) in aqueous samples. The biosensor is based on a conductometric ...transducer which contains two pairs of gold interdigitated electrodes. An enzyme hexokinase was immobilized onto one pair of electrodes, and bovine serum albumin-onto another pair (thus, a differential mode of measurement was used). Conditions of hexokinase immobilization on the transducer by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde were optimized. Influence of experimental conditions (concentration of magnesium ions, ionic strength and concentration of the working buffer) on the biosensor work was studied. The reproducibility of biosensor responses and operational stability of the biosensor were checked during one week. Dry storage at −18°C was shown to be the best conditions to store the biosensor. The biosensor was successfully applied for measurements of ATP concentration in pharmaceutical samples. The proposed biosensor may be used in future for determination of ATP and/or glucose in water samples.
Display omitted
•A conductometric biosensor for determination of adenosine triphosphate was created.•It is based on enzyme hexokinase immobilized on interdigitated planar electrodes.•Quick response, simplicity, and low cost are advantages of the biosensor.•The biosensor can be used in for determination of ATP in water samples.
Development of a conductometric biosensor for the urea detection has been reported. It was created using a non-typical method of the recombinant urease immobilization via adsorption on nanoporous ...particles of silicalite. It should be noted that this biosensor has a number of advantages, such as simple and fast performance, the absence of toxic compounds during biosensor preparation, and high reproducibility (RSD = 5.1 %). The linear range of urea determination by using the biosensor was 0.05–15 mM, and a lower limit of urea detection was 20 μM. The bioselective element was found to be stable for 19 days. The characteristics of recombinant urease-based biomembranes, such as dependence of responses on the protein and ion concentrations, were investigated. It is shown that the developed biosensor can be successfully used for the urea analysis during renal dialysis.
PDF
