Nanodiamond (ND) is one of the most attractive allotropic modification of carbon due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In the present review the current state of science and ...technology in the field of NDs is analyzed. ND can be used in various application and in different form e.g. as a dispersion phase in suspension, as a filler in composites, etc., so the sedimentation stability of ND in different media are under scrutiny. Thus, theoretical aspects of ND suspension coagulation mechanisms and the methods avoiding it were considered. The dependence of rheological behavior on particles modification was discussed as well. Various methods for the preparation and modification of NDs to obtain particles of various sizes on a nanometer scale with different physicochemical properties were reviewed. The area of practical application for NDs was considered on the example of polymer composites. The various manufacturing methods, mechanical properties and medical aspects for thermosetting, thermoplastic and elastomer ND composites were summarized.
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•The review presents current state of science in the field of nanodiamonds.•There are several methods for stabilizing of nanodiamond particles in various liquids.•The review contributes to a better understanding the nature of sol-gel transition in nanodiamond suspensions.•Composites filled with nanodiamonds exhibit improved mechanical properties.
We review the present status of the Standard Model calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. This is performed in a perturbative expansion in the fine-structure constant α and is ...broken down into pure QED, electroweak, and hadronic contributions. The pure QED contribution is by far the largest and has been evaluated up to and including O(α5) with negligible numerical uncertainty. The electroweak contribution is suppressed by (mμ∕MW)2 and only shows up at the level of the seventh significant digit. It has been evaluated up to two loops and is known to better than one percent. Hadronic contributions are the most difficult to calculate and are responsible for almost all of the theoretical uncertainty. The leading hadronic contribution appears at O(α2) and is due to hadronic vacuum polarization, whereas at O(α3) the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution appears. Given the low characteristic scale of this observable, these contributions have to be calculated with nonperturbative methods, in particular, dispersion relations and the lattice approach to QCD. The largest part of this review is dedicated to a detailed account of recent efforts to improve the calculation of these two contributions with either a data-driven, dispersive approach, or a first-principle, lattice-QCD approach. The final result reads aμSM=116591810(43)×10−11 and is smaller than the Brookhaven measurement by 3.7σ. The experimental uncertainty will soon be reduced by up to a factor four by the new experiment currently running at Fermilab, and also by the future J-PARC experiment. This and the prospects to further reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the near future – which are also discussed here – make this quantity one of the most promising places to look for evidence of new physics.
We have recently shown that the sol-gel transition occurs in hydrosol of detonation nanodiamond (DND) particles with size of 4–5 nm. Here we study properties of the hydrosol. Namely, we study the ...dependence of dynamic viscosity and shear stress on DND concentrations. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used for characterization of the hydrosol structure. Deagglomeration of diamond nanoparticles in preparation of the hydrosol was carrying out without mechanical milling. In contrast with previous studies viscosity was measured by rotational viscometer. The observed effects can be explained by the model, that assumes existence of particle chains connected to each other by electrostatic interaction. Moreover, the potential of this interaction is non-spherically symmetric. Such chains of DND particles are present in hydrosols even at the concentration of about 1 wt%.
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•Dependences of dynamic viscosity and shear stress against concentration in hydrosol of detonation nanodiamonds were studied•Hydrosol of detonation nanodiamonds consisted of 4–5 nm particles was produced without mechanical milling•Formation of chains of detonation nanodiamond particles explains the observed dependences as well as sol-gel transition
The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, aμ, is a unique quantity that allows high-precision tests of the Standard Model. Currently, a difference of 3 to 4 standard deviations is observed between ...the prediction of the Standard Model and the most precise measurement performed. We present a review of the Standard Model calculations of aμ. The principles and history of aμ experiments are presented, and the recent measurement at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, is described in detail. Prospects for further improving the accuracy of both calculations and measurements of aμ are discussed.
A Monte Carlo generator to simulate events of single-photon annihilation to hadrons at center-of-mass energies below 2 GeV is described. The generator is based on existing data on cross sections of ...various exclusive channels of e+e− annihilation obtained in scan and ISR experiments. It is extensively used in the software packages for analysis of experiments at the Novosibirsk e+e− colliders VEPP-2000 and VEPP-4M aimed at high-precision measurements of hadronic cross sections with different applications, e.g. to calculations of the hadronic vacuum polarization for the muon anomalous magnetic moment.
Investigation at a
φ
-factory can shed light on several debated issues in particle physics. We discuss: (i) recent theoretical development and experimental progress in kaon physics relevant for the ...Standard Model tests in the flavor sector, (ii) the sensitivity we can reach in probing CPT and Quantum Mechanics from time evolution of entangled-kaon states, (iii) the interest for improving on the present measurements of non-leptonic and radiative decays of kaons and
η
/
η
′ mesons, (iv) the contribution to understand the nature of light scalar mesons, and (v) the opportunity to search for narrow di-lepton resonances suggested by recent models proposing a hidden dark-matter sector. We also report on the
e
+
e
−
physics in the continuum with the measurements of (multi)hadronic cross sections and the study of
γ
γ
processes.
The process e+e−→K+K− has been studied using 1.7×106 events from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.7 pb−1 collected with the CMD-3 detector in the center-of-mass energy ...range 1010–1060 MeV. The cross section is measured with about 2% systematic uncertainty and is used to calculate the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon aμK+K−=(19.33±0.40)×10−10, and to obtain the ϕ(1020) meson parameters. We consider the relationship between the e+e−→K+K− and e+e−→KS0KL0 cross sections and compare it to the theoretical prediction.
A novel method of studying e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation into hadrons using initial state radiation at e{sup +}e{sup -} colliders is described. After a brief history of the method, its theoretical ...foundations are considered. Numerous experiments in which exclusive cross sections of e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation into hadrons below the center-of-mass energy of 5 GeV have been measured are presented. Some applications of the experimental results to fundamental tests of the standard model are listed.
The paper describes a method of the charged particle identification, developed for the CMD-3 detector, installed at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider. The method is based on application of boosted decision ...trees classifiers, trained for the optimal separation of electrons, muons, pions and kaons in the momentum range from 100 to 1200MeV/c. The input variables for the classifiers are linear combinations of the energy depositions of charged particles in 12 layers of the liquid xenon calorimeter of the CMD-3. The event samples for training of the classifiers are taken from the simulation. Various issues of the calorimeter strip channels response simulation and their calibration are considered. Application of the method is illustrated by the examples of separation of the e+e−(γ) and π+π−(γ) final states and of selection of the K+K− final state at high energies.
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