Waterless dyeing of polyamide 6.6 using scCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) was investigated. PA (polyamide) fibers can be dyed with various dyes, including disperse dyes. The conventional aqueous ...dyeing process uses large amounts of water and produces polluted water. Considering these environmental issues, waterless dyeing of fibers is a forefront issue, and utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a commercially viable technology for waterless dyeing. This study tested PA6.6 (polyamide 6.6) dyeing in scCO2 at 100 °C 220 bar pressure for 45 min. Color measurements and color fastness tests were performed, as well as tensile strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. PA6.6 fabrics yielded higher K/S (color strength, the Kubelka–Munk equation) values with larger molecular weight dye and almost the same color strength with medium and small-sized dyes, demonstrating the ability of dyeing in a supercritical environment without water as a more environmentally friendly dyeing option compared to conventional dyeing.
Ozone, widely recognized as an environmentally friendly gas, is extensively used in various textile industry applications. These include pre-treatment processes like bleaching and desizing, as well ...as creating pattern and vintage effects, wastewater clarification, and surface modification. This study focuses on ozone as a novel solution to a specific challenge: addressing the reduction in flame retardancy properties experienced by flame-retardant (FR) polyester fabrics during post-treatment processes in the production line. Experimentation involved subjecting the fabrics to ozonation and exploring different combinations of ozone flow rates and treatment durations. Mechanical and functional properties of the fabrics were examined, with flammability tested according to International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards. Notably, treatment with a 5 L/min ozone flow rate, a 7.01 g/h ozone concentration ratio, and a duration of 10 min showed significant improvements in IMO values, ensuring compliance with required standards. Furthermore, treated samples underwent comprehensive tests for fastness and strength, yielding results within acceptable ranges. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were conducted to evaluate the impact of ozonation. FT-IR results indicated that the presence of C-H groups associated with dyestuff contributed to decreased flame retardancy in the original fabric post-dyeing. However, these groups were effectively eliminated through ozonation, thereby enhancing the fabric's flame retardancy.
Titanium dioxide exhibits photocatalytic properties under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In this study, an environmentally friendly, fast and efficient technique for bleaching cotton fabrics is ...presented, utilising the photocatalytic property of TiO2. Raw cotton fabric samples were treated with TiO2-containing and TiO2-free treatment solutions (hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide) under UV irradiation in order to bleach the samples. The results showed that cotton fabrics treated with TiO2 were bleached satisfactorily without severe strength loss.
Bu çalışmada yenilikçi bir yöntem olan ozonlamanın havlu kumaşların ağartılmasında farklı pH (3,5,7,9,11) değerlerindeki etkinliği araştırılmıştır. 5 l/dk ozon gaz akış oranında 15 ve 45 dakika ...boyunca ozonlama işlemleri yapılmıştır. Ozonlaması yapılan havlu kumaşlara haşıl sökme tayini, beyazlık, hidrofilite, kopma mukavemeti testleri yapılmıştır. Ağartması yapılan kumaşlar bir sonraki aşamada boyanmıştır. Boyaması yapılan kumaşların renk ölçümleri ve haslık testleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre pH 3, pH 5 ve pH 7’deki 45 dakika boyunca yapılan beyazlık, kopma mukavemeti, haslık ve renk ölçüm testleri sonuçları konvansiyonel yönteme göre iyi çıkmıştır.
In this study, the effectiveness of ozonation at different pH (3,5,7,9,11) values on bleaching of terry cotton fabrics was investigated. Ozonation processes were carried out for 15 and 45 minutes at an ozone gas flow rate of 5 l/min. Desizing determination, whiteness, hydrophilicity, breaking strength tests were carried out on the ozonized pile fabrics. The bleached fabrics were dyed in the next step. Color measurements and fastness tests of dyed fabrics were made. According to the results obtained, in all tests performed for 15 minutes at pH 5 and pH 7, the results were better than the conventional method.
Poliester (PET) lifleri tekstil endüstrisinde dünya genelinde en çok kullanılan sentetik liftir. Dünya genelinde çevresel ve ekolojik kaygıların artmasıyla sentetik liflerin geri dönüştürülmesi, ...biyobozunurluğunun sağlanması yönünde çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu deneysel çalışmada poliester, geri dönüştürülmüş poliester (r-PET) ve biyobozunur poliester (bio-PET) içerikli kumaşların boyama ve fiziksel performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarda r-PET ve bio-PET içerikli numunelerin en az PET içerikli kumaşlar kadar iyi boyandığı haslık ve mukavemet değerlerinde belirgin farklılıklar olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda r-PET ve bio-PET liflerinin PET liflerine alternatif olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Polyester (PET) fibers are the most widely used synthetic fiber in the textile industry worldwide. With the increasing environmental and ecological concerns around the world, efforts are being made to recycle synthetic fibers and to ensure their biodegradability. In this experimental study, the dyeing and physical performances of polyester, recycled polyester (r-PET) and biodegradable polyester (bio-PET) fabrics were compared. In the results obtained, it was determined that the samples containing r-PET and bio-PET were dyed at least as well as the fabrics containing PET, and there were no significant differences in fastness and strength values. In this context, it is thought that r-PET and bio-PET fibers can be alternatives to PET fibers.
Su hem yaşam için hem de sahip olduğu özellikleri nedeniyle de değerli bir kaynaktır. Bu nedenle, su kıtlığı ve artan çevre bilinci dünya çapında endişeye sebep olmaktadır. Tekstil sektörü genel ...olarak su tüketiminin yoğun olduğu proseslerden oluşmaktadır. Özellikle boyama işleminde çok fazla su kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple su kullanımının azalmasına yönelik boyama çalışmaların her geçen gün öneminin artacağı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, süperkritik karbondioksit (scCO2) ortamda susuz ve klasik sulu ortamda bir adet % 100 poliester dokuma kumaş açık ve koyu tonda olmak üzere boyanmış, boyama proseslerinin aşamaları her iki ortam için de yaşam döngüsü analizi (LCA) yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz için SimaPro 9.3 programı kullanılmış ve yapılan karşılaştırma kümülatif olarak süperkritik ortamda yapılan boyamada çevresel etkinin klasik sulu ortamda boyamayla karşılaştırıldığında göre daha az olduğu dolayısıyla daha avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Water is a valuable resource both for life and because of its properties. Therefore, water scarcity and increasing environmental awareness cause worldwide concern. The textile industry generally consists of processes with intense water consumption. Especially in the dyeing process, a lot of water is used. For this reason, the importance of dyeing studies aimed at reducing water use that increases day by day. In this study, one %100 polyester woven fabrics were dyed in dark and light shade in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) media (waterless) and classic media (aqueous) and the dyeing process was evaluated by life cycle analysis (LCA) method in both media. SimaPro 9.3 program was used for the analysis and it was concluded that the environmental effect of dyeing cumulatively performed in the supercritical medium is less compared to dyeing in a classical aqueous medium, thus it is more advantageous.
Due to water limitations and the growing global demand for raw materials, manufacturers and consumers are seeking more environmentally friendly alternatives. Polyester, a non-biodegradable fibre ...derived from petroleum, can be replaced with recycled polyester (r-PET), a sustainable alternative that reduces environmental impacts through the reuse of materials. The textile finishing industry, known for its high water and energy consumption, is calling for the development of low-water-consumption technologies. One innovative approach involves waterless dyeing procedures using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium that is particularly suitable for dyeing synthetic fibres. To assess its effectiveness, a study compared traditional water dyeing with scCO2 medium dyeing on woven fabrics made from both polyester (PET) and recycled polyester (r-PET) fibres with varying weights. After conducting tests on the dyed fabrics, the data revealed that r-PET fabrics dyed using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium appeared darker than fabrics dyed using traditional water dyeing techniques. Moreover, r-PET fabrics demonstrated better colour fastness. Notably, the K/Ssum values (measurement of colour intensity) of r-PET fabrics were at least as good as those of PET-based fabrics in all cases of dyeing, while the fastness values were similar for both PET and r-PET fabrics.
Zaradi omejitev pri porabi vode in naraščajočega svetovnega povpraševanja po surovinah proizvajalci in potrošniki iščejo okolju prijaznejše alternative. Biološko nerazgradljivi poliester na osnovi nafte je mogoče nadomestiti z recikliranim poliestrom (r-PET), trajnostno alternativo, ki s ponovno uporabo materialov zmanjšuje vplive na okolje. Industrija dodelave tekstila, znana po veliki porabi vode in energije, kliče po razvoju tehnologij z majhno porabo vode. Eden inovativnih pristopov vključuje postopke barvanja brez vode z uporabo superkritičnega ogljikovega dioksida (scCO2), ki je posebej primeren za barvanje sintetičnih vlaken. Da bi ocenili njegovo učinkovitost, so bile tkanine iz poliestrskih (PET) in recikliranih poliestrskih (r-PET) vlaken z različno ploščinsko maso primerjalno barvane po tradicionalni metodi v vodni kopeli in s scCO2. Tkanine iz r-PET, barvane v superkritičnem ogljikovem dioksidu, so bile videti temnejše od tkanin, barvanih s tradicionalno metodo z vodo. Poleg tega so tkanine iz r-PET imele boljšo barvno obstojnost. Vrednosti K/Ssum (merjenje intenzivnosti barve) tkanin iz r-PET so bile vsaj tako dobre kot tiste pri tkaninah iz PET v vseh primerih barvanja, medtem ko je bila obstojnost barv pri tkaninah iz PET in r-PET podobna.
In this study, photocatalytic bleaching of cotton via ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) has been investigated. 254 nm UV light was used for this purpose and the UV irradiation ...intensity was measured. A specially designed UV cabinet with UV lamps on both sides and top of the cabinet with total 18 UV lamps creating 470 Watts was used during the experiments. The whiteness degrees of the cotton samples that were bleached by the H
2
O
2
/UV treatment were compared to the whiteness degrees of the conventionally bleached (pad-steam method) cotton fabric samples. Satisfactory whiteness degrees could be obtained by H
2
O
2
/UV treatment for 40 and 60 min treatment times. However, strength loss was high for 60 min UV irradiation. The UV irradiation intensity was also found to be effective on the whiteness and strength values of the samples.
Graphical abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of ozone as an alternative bleaching agent to hydrogen peroxide was investigated for cotton bleaching. The conventional method for cotton bleaching uses hydrogen ...peroxide, therefore; hydrogen peroxide bleaching was applied for preparing control samples. Ozone treatment were applied on the fabric for 2 different temperatures (30 °C-80 °C) and one treatment time (30 minute). The whiteness/yellowness, desizing, tensile strength, weight loss (%), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) values were tested and reported. Considering the whiteness/yellowness and desizing values of 30 °C-30' and 80 °C-30', the 30 °C-30' values were better than 80°C-30' values. The reason is probably the less solubility of ozone gas at elevated temperatures. Conventional peroxide bleaching yielded higher whiteness values at the studied circumstances however the COD values were much less for ozone treatment. These values of the hydrogen peroxide were less
Bu çalışmada %100 Polyester kumaşlara Disperse Blue 79 (C.I.11345) boyarmaddesi ile klasik boyama ve süperkritik karbondioksit (scCO2)ortamda susuz boyama yapılmıştır. Deneyler, klasik boyama için ...120 °C ve 130 °C, süperkritik ortamda boyamada ise 120 °C sıcaklıkta ve 250 bar basınçta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Klasik ortamda boyanan kumaşlara redüktif yıkama yapılmıştır. ScCO2 ortamda boyanan kumaşlara ise asetonla tekrarlı yıkamalar yapılmıştır. Numunelere; renk ölçümleri, kopma mukavemeti, KOİ testleri yapılmış ve deney sonuçları yorumlanmıştır. Süperkritik CO2'de elde edilen sonuçlar, suda yapılan klasik boyama ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma, kullanılan dispers boyanın Polyester liflerini süper kritik karbondioksit ortamda susuz olarak 120 °C ve 250 barda yüksek haslıklarda ve mukavemet kaybı olmadan boyadığını ve renk açısından da sulu ortamda dispersiyon ajanlarının varlığında 120 °C elde edilene göre %0,5 (kag) bm konsantrasyonunda daha koyu boyandığını ve %4 (kag) bm konsantrasyonu için benzer olduğunu göstermiştir.
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