A GM-PHD filter is used for pedestrian tracking in a crowd surveillance application. The purpose is to keep track of the different groups over time as well as to represent the shape of the groups and ...the number of people within the groups. Input data to the GM-PHD filter are detections using a state of the art algorithm applied to video frames from the PETS 2012 benchmark data. In a first step, the detections in the frames are converted from image coordinates to world coordinates. This implies that groups can be defined in physical units in terms of distance in meters and speed differences in meters per second. The GM-PHD filter is a Bayesian framework that does not form tracks of individuals. Its output is well suited for clustering of individuals into groups. The results demonstrate that the GM-PHD filter has the capability of estimating the correct number of groups with an accurate representation of their sizes and shapes.
The etiology and pathogenesis of cluster headache remain largely unknown. Some previous studies have focused on personality characteristics in cluster headache. However, no consistent personality ...profile has been found. The present study applied two personality inventories, the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) and the Heart and Lifestyle Type A Measure (HALTAM), that have not previously been used in the context of cluster headache. A correlation has been suggested between left-handedness and early learning difficulties, and cluster headache. Thus, these variables were included and measured by inventory techniques. Forty-nine out of 51 consecutive male patients with episodic cluster headache participated in the present study. As compared to controls, the cluster headache patients were significantly more anxiety-prone (higher scores in the KSP Somatic anxiety and Muscular tension subscales), less successfully socialized (low scores in the KSP Socialization scale), and had a more hostile attitude towards others (higher scores in the HALTAM Hostility scale). No relationships between left-handedness or early learning difficulties, and cluster headache disease were found. The implications of the personality differences for the etiology of cluster headache disease are discussed.
