Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (T.sub.H17 cells) require exposure to IL-23 to become encephalitogenic, but the mechanism by which IL-23 promotes their pathogenicity is not known. ...Here we found that IL-23 induced production of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in T.sub.H17 cells and that GM-CSF had an essential role in their encephalitogenicity. Our findings identify a chief mechanism that underlies the important role of IL-23 in autoimmune diseases. IL-23 induced a positive feedback loop whereby GM-CSF secreted by T.sub.H17 cells stimulated the production of IL-23 by antigen-presenting cells. Such cross-regulation of IL-23 and GM-CSF explains the similar pattern of resistance to autoimmunity when either of the two cytokines is absent and identifies T.sub.H17 cells as a crucial source of GM-CSF in autoimmune inflammation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (T sub(H)17 cells) require exposure to IL-23 to become encephalitogenic, but the mechanism by which IL-23 promotes their pathogenicity is not known. ...Here we found that IL-23 induced production of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in T sub(H)17 cells and that GM-CSF had an essential role in their encephalitogenicity. Our findings identify a chief mechanism that underlies the important role of IL-23 in autoimmune diseases. IL-23 induced a positive feedback loop whereby GM-CSF secreted by T sub(H)17 cells stimulated the production of IL-23 by antigen-presenting cells. Such cross-regulation of IL-23 and GM-CSF explains the similar pattern of resistance to autoimmunity when either of the two cytokines is absent and identifies T sub(H)17 cells as a crucial source of GM-CSF in autoimmune inflammation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We sequentially analyzed the serum IgG response against normal mouse brain during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice injected with CFA,
Bordetella pertussis toxin (BPT) and ...proteolipid protein 139–151 peptide, compared with mice that received CFA and BPT or were uninjected. Dynamic changes were observed from day 0 to day 28 in the 3 groups. Six highly discriminant antigenic bands (
κ
=
0.974) were identified. Three non-myelin proteins were characterized (mitochondrial aconitase hydratase 2, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, brain specific pyruvate deshydrogenase). The IgG response against two of them was less frequent in EAE whereas it was associated with multiple sclerosis in our previous work.
Abstract We reduced EAE severity by using two anti-allergic drugs. A control group of mice received i.p. injections of PBS as vehicle while a further two groups were treated either with pyrilamine, a ...histamine receptor 1 antagonist or with CV6209, a platelet activating factor receptor antagonist. Our results showed that the blockade of the responses to both histamine and PAF leads together to a decline in clinical signs of EAE and significant changes in the serum IgG recognition of some healthy brain antigenic targets. We characterized two discriminant antigens: internexin neuronal intermediate filament protein, and malate dehydrogenase 1, which were able to clearly distinguish untreated mice from treated mice. Their role as potent targets in pathogenic and/or neuroprotective processes is discussed.
Equid herpesvirus (EHV) is a contagious viral disease affecting horses, causing illness characterized by respiratory symptoms, abortion and neurological disorders. It is common worldwide and causes ...severe economic losses to the equine industry. The present study was aimed at investigating the incidence of EHVs, the genetic characterization of Tunisian isolates and a spatiotemporal study, using 298 collected samples from diseased and clinically healthy horses. The global incidence of EHV infection was found to be about 71.81%. EHV2 and EHV5 were detected in 146 (48.99%) and 159 (53.35%) sampled horses, respectively. EHV1 was detected in 11 samples (3.69%); EHV4 was not detected. Co-infections with EHV1-EHV2, EHV1-EHV5 and EHV2-EHV5 were observed in 0.33%, 1.34% and 31.54% of tested horses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gB of EHV2 and EHV5 displays high genetic diversity with a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 88 to 100% for EHV2 and 97.5 to 100% for EHV5. Phylogeography suggested Iceland and USA as the most likely countries of origin of the Tunisian EHV2 and EHV5 isolates. These viruses detected in Tunisia seemed to be introduced in the 2000s. This first epidemiological and phylogeographic study is important for better knowledge of the evolution of equid herpesvirus infections in Tunisia.
The most important key in the thermal management of power electronic devices is the cooling system design. One of the most promising cooling techniques is indirect liquid cooling using cold plates. ...This paper studies the performance of a liquid cooling system on the junction temperature of a high-power inverter drive utilizing three legs of half-bridge modules (CAS120M12BM2 Silicon Carbide CREE MOSFET). One of the primary objectives is to compare the effect of different geometries and boundary conditions on the thermal performances regarded as maximum junction temperature. Based on the analysis of the liquid cooling, different boundary conditions are proposed and a comparison of the main case study is made against the case of different geometries and boundary conditions. Furthermore, the concept of varying the distance between three half-bridge MOSFETs in an inverter drive is introduced. According to the simulation results, in the best combination, the maximum junction temperature of the module is decreased to 82.2°C when the thermal paste and NX100 materials are selected for the thermal interface material and the heat sink, respectively. In addition, Simulation results show that the best distance between each of the modules in the inverter drive is 10mm spacing.
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