This team of international experts analyses the possibilities and limitations of preventing or reducing terrorism by addressing the factors that give rise to it and sustain it. The key questions ...raised include:
* what are the main circumstances that provide preconditions for the emergence of various types of terrorism?
* what are the typical precipitants that trigger terrorist campaigns?
* to what extent is it possible to reduce the problem of terrorism by influencing these causes and circumstances?
* should we address those factors that sustain terrorist campaigns rather than root causes?
This book is edited by Tore Bjørgo - Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Professor and Research Director at the Norwegian Police University College.
1. Introduction Tore Bjørgo 2. Exploring Roots of Terrorism Dipak K. Gupta 3. Impoverished Terrorists: Stereotype or Reality? Jitka Malecková 4. The Social and Psychological Characteristics of Terrorism and Terrorists John Horgan 5. "When Hatred is Bred in the Bone": The Socio-Cultural Underpinnings of Terrorist Psychology Jerrold M. Post 6. Social, Organizational and Psychological Factors in Suicide Terrorism Ariel Merari 7. Palestinian Resistance and "Suicide Bombing": Causes and Consequences Hisham H. Ahmed 8. Roots of Terrorism in the Middle East: International Pressures and International Constraints Abdullah Sahar Mohammad 9. Nationalist Separatism and Terrorism in Comparative Perspective Fernando Reinares 10. Root Causes of Terrorism? A Case Study of theTamil Insurgency and the LTTE D.R. Kaarthikeyan 11. Right-Wing Terrorism Wilhelm Heitmeyer 12. Social-Revolutionary Terrorism in Latin-America and Europe Peter Waldmann 13. The Use of Terrorism by Organized Crime: An Italian Case Study Alison Jamieson 14. Patterns of State Failure: The Case of Lebanon Farid el Khazen 15. State Sponsorship – A Root Cause of Terrorism? Louise Richardson 16. Expected Utility and State Terrorism Michael Stohl 17. A Conceptual Framework for Resolving Terrorism’s Cause Joshua Sinai 18. Prevention of Terrorism: Towards a Multi-Pronged Approach Alex P. Schmid 19. Fire of Iolaus: The Role of State Counter-Measure in Causing Terrorism and What Needs to be Done Andrew Silke 20. Conclusions Tore Bjørgo. Appendix: Notes on Contributors
"This collection of papers is the product of an experts’ workshop (in which this reviewer participated) that was held in Oslo, Norway, in June 2003, under the auspices of the Norwegian government. It represented the first time that an academic meeting had been held to explore, in a systematic manner, the concepts and methodologies to conduct analysis on root causes of terrorism." - Joshua Sinai, ‘Terrorism Bookshelf: Top 150 Books on Terrorism and Counterterrorism’, Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2012)
This article examines the performance of political parties in postwar Lebanon against the benchmark of parties in the prewar period. Parties turned into militias during Lebanon's fifteen-year war and ...reverted to their party status with the ending of the war in 1990. In postwar Lebanon parties face several problems partly generated by their inability to recover from wartime practices and partly because of the built-in limitations in the political system inhibiting competitive politics. Some parties are banned; others have access to political and financial rewards and thus have a stake in preserving the status quo. In this sense, parties are performing functions similar to those performed by parties in authoritarian regimes.
Khazen discusses wartime Lebanon from 1976-88. From beginning to end, the war involved a large number of internal and external state and non-state actors, notably the PLO, Syria, Israel, and ...subsequently, Iran.
This paper addresses the nature and scope of the Palestinian refugee problem in Lebanon before and after the civil war of 1975–76, and examines the official and non-official positions on permanent ...settlement since the launching of the peace process at the Madrid conference in 1991. Three possible scenarios for the future of the Palestinian refugee problem are envisaged: one in which refugees are given ‘Palestinian citizenship’, and right of residency in Lebanon pending their move to the Palestinian entity in whatever form it takes; imposed permanent settlement of the refugees in Lebanon; and a continuation of the present situation, with no settlement being reached.
The Arabs and the Israelis share much disillusionment with the existing order in Middle East politics. Consumed by regional conflicts or internal turmoil, both Israel and its Arab neighbors find that ...war is no longer an immediate option and that peace is not negotiable. The relations between the two countries are discussed.
Lebanon--Independent No More Khazen, Farid el
Middle East quarterly,
01/2001, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Magazine Article
Ten years have passed since the end of the war in Lebanon. Although the political process has been reactivated -- three parliamentary elections have been held, two presidents elected, & eight ...cabinets formed -- & a large scale reconstruction plan was launched, Lebanon has not fully recovered from fifteen years of warfare, from 1975 to 1990. Instead, political crises have aggravated the situation, while reconstruction efforts have increased Lebanon's debt (from nearly $2 billion in 1992 to over $22 billion in 2000). Something has been missing -- what might be called "communal reconstruction," or national reconciliation among Lebanon's communities while attending to the grievances & concerns of each group. The Christian communities have been most concerned, not only because they lost power as a result of the war, but more because of developments occurring since the ending of the war in 1990. Adapted from the source document.
