Abstract Purpose In this study, we aimed to determine the function of the cochlea and peripheral and central auditory pathways with migraine. Materials and methods Fifty-eight patients with migraine ...and 40 healthy subjects were assessed using routine diagnostic audiometry along with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TOAEs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and auditory brainstem response (ABR) at high and low repetition rate frequencies. Results Nearly two thirds of patients with migraine had one or more abnormalities in electrophysiological testing. Compared with control subjects, patients reported significant lowering of TOAEs amplitude at frequencies of 1 kHz (right: P = .0003; left: P = .002), 3 kHz (right: P = .025), and 4 kHz (right: P = .019); prolonged wave III latency (right: P = .009); and I-V interpeak latency (IPL) (left: P = .024) at high repetition rate frequencies. Significant correlations were identified between age, duration of illness and frequency of migraine and TOAEs total response and at amplitude of 4 kHz, amplitudes of DPOAEs at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 5 kHz and I, III and wave latencies and I-V IPL of ABR at high rate frequencies. Conclusions These data suggest that subclinical changes in cochlear function and auditory pathways are associated with chronic migraine. It is possible that migraine could be accompanied by compromise of blood supply of auditory system.
Abstract Background Management of high grade acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is considered a surgical dilemma. Open methods of fixation are the gold standard but the morbidities are ...frequent. The goal of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic fixation of acute high grade (AC) joint dislocation. Methods A series of 24 patients with acute high grade acromioclavicular joint dislocation were fixed arthroscopically using TightRope device. The study was done between February 2013 and February 2017. The functional outcomes were assessed using Constant-Murley score and University of California at Los Angeles shoulder (UCLA) scale. The preoperative and postoperative means of coraco-clavicular distance were calculated and used for radiological assessment. P-value < o.o5 was statistically significant. Results The mean followed up time was 23.25 ± 7.1 (12–35) months. There was highly significant improvement in the Constant-Murley score and (UCLA) scale at the end of the follow up period. The coraco-clavicular distance was improved from 21.7 ± 3.1 mm preoperative to 10.17 ± 2.3 mm postoperative. There were two complications, one case had over correction and the other had mild transient post-operative burning pain along the course of ulnar nerve. Conclusion Arthroscopic fixation of acute high grade (AC) joint dislocation is safe, minimally invasive technique with satisfactory functional outcomes and low morbidities provided that it is done by surgeons skilled in shoulder arthroscopy.
For cyber-physical systems (CPSs), communications system reliability is an indispensable requirement to realize them in critical infrastructures. One of the important attributes of system reliability ...is availability. System availability is broadly defined as the proportion of time that the system will provide service. In some CPSs, such as smart grids, the units are distributed over large geographical areas. For such systems, the use of Internet to connect their units is highly desirable. However, the reliability of today's Internet was considered to be inadequate to support many CPSs. In this paper, we propose the utilization of multipath (MP) communications using different end-to-end (e2e) paths to improve communications reliability of Internet for CPSs. With this regard, we first formulate the problem of multipath selection to provide the required communications reliability as an optimization problem. After that, we conduct first real world measurements to investigate the diversity of different e2e paths and the reduction in communications service unavailability when 2 and 3 paths between the source and destination are considered simultaneously. Our results indicate the existence of e2e paths that traverse completely different networks and, consequently, are likely to be disjoint. In addition, the concurrent unavailability of different 2 and 3 paths combinations was 0. The results show that MP communications using different e2e Internet paths can achieve the required reliability by many CPSs such as smart grids.
Communication patterns for Cyber-Physical Systems Henneke, Dominik; Elattar, Mohammad; Jasperneite, Jurgen
2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA),
09/2015
Conference Proceeding
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new paradigm of future intelligent systems. They consist of loosely coupled subsystems which interact with mechanisms of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA). ...In this paper we try to open a new topic in industrial communications. This topic is focused on basic communication patterns within CPSs. Patterns are abstract and generic solutions for common problems in the design of systems. They have a defined feature set, their flaws are known, and they help to avoid repeating errors. Furthermore, patterns introduce a common vocabulary within a community, which simplifies communication between people and documentation. Patterns often represent best practices that are used in already existing protocols. Therefore this work starts to evaluate different existing communication protocols in the scope of SoA and loosely coupled systems, extracts common tasks and implementations, and identifies common communication patterns.
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are a new paradigm of control systems where control, communication, and computation fields intersect. Applications of such systems are expected to play an important role ...in many domains in the future. This includes critical domains such as transportation and health domains. Hence, it is quite important for such systems to operate reliably. Moreover, many CPS applications are characterized by having different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements. All this requires reliable communication networks that provide not only quality of service (QoS) support but also flexibility to adapt according to the varying communication requirements of the application/user. On the other hand, recent cellular standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) offer higher QoS control compared to earlier cellular standards with the ability to differentiate traffic at both the service and user levels. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of LTE cellular technology under certain QoS and load conditions to provide reliable communications for CPS applications characterized by possessing different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements. Our evaluation results indicate the ability of LTE cellular technology to provide reliable and adaptable communications for CPSs when QoS is provided.
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) represent a new generation of control systems where distributed local control systems are connected not only physically, but also computationally by means of ...communication networks. CPSs target introducing intelligence beside traditional monitoring and control functionalities in a way that optimize the performance of the overall system. However, the realization of many CPS applications requires reliable communication systems that provide quality of service (QoS) control. In this domain, Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard offers a comprehensive QoS frame work. Nevertheless, commercial implementations of the standard provide only best effort type of service. In this paper, we demonstrated the benefits of using LTE networks with QoS support for CPSs by comparing the performance of a CPS application over LTE network with and without QoS support. The results clearly indicate the benefit to enable the QoS features in commercial implementations of LTE in order to realize reliable CPS applications.
Multipath (MP) communication is widely used to improve the reliability of communication networks in different domains. With this regard, we have also proposed MP communication to improve ...communication reliability for cyber-physical systems (CPSs) when using the Internet 1. More specifically, we proposed using different end-to-end (e2e) paths that use different pairs of Internet service providers (ISPs) to achieve MP communication. In this paper, we evaluated MP protocols proposed in the transport layer and above of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. This evaluation is based on a number of requirements drawn from our previous work in order to a achieve highly reliable MP communication. We also considered the technical requirements set by the Internet. Our results indicate that almost all evaluated MP protocols are throughput-oriented and were mostly proposed for local or private networks. We conclude the paper by highlighting a MP protocol candidate that fulfills most of the stated requirements. This candidate will be considered in future work to provide a reliable MP communication solution for Internet-based CPSs.
The Internet represents a cost-effective solution to realize the communications for Cyber-physical Systems (CPSs) that span large geographical areas. However, the reliability of today's Internet is ...inadequate to support, for example, smart grid applications with reliability requirements of 99-99.9999%. Therefore, the Reliable Multipath Communication for Internet-based CPSs (RC4CPS) approach was proposed. Unlike previous works, it supports such demanding applications. Nevertheless, it still lacks a protocol implementation to utilize it. Existing multipath protocols for the Internet such as Multipath TCP cannot be utilized directly for such applications. This is due to a number of reasons including the throughput-oriented nature of the protocols. In this paper, RC4CPS is integrated into the Parallel Redundancy Protocol for IP Networks (iPRP) to develop an easy-to-deploy reliability-oriented multipath protocol for Internet-based CPSs. The resulting protocol, called iPRP-RC4CPS, extends the original iPRP implementation to be used in the Internet and provides a dynamic multipath selection to cope with the varying nature of Internet paths. The obtained results show that iPRP-RC4CPS maintained 100% reliability during the evaluation interval.
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