Background: IL-16 is an important T-cell chemotactic cytokine in asthmatic airways; its release from allergen-stimulated bronchial mucosa in mild asthma has been shown to be dependent on CD28/B7 ...costimulation. Objective: We have extended our previous studies to investigate the role of IL-16 and CD28/B7 costimulation in T-lymphocyte chemotactic activity (TLCA) released from the bronchial mucosa in more severe asthma. Methods: TLCA was determined in the supernatants of induced sputum and allergen-stimulated bronchial mucosal explants from healthy volunteers and volunteers with mild and moderately severe asthma by means of a Boyden chamber technique. The contribution of IL-16 to the activity was evaluated through use of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody; the contribution of CD28/B7 costimulation to allergen-induced release of TLCA was determined through use of CTLA4-Ig fusion protein and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2). Results: Induced sputum and unstimulated explants from asthmatic subjects generated significant spontaneous TLCA (P < .05). Both mild and moderate asthmatic explants showed significantly elevated Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus –induced release of TLCA, but only in mild asthma could sputum and allergen-stimulated explant TLCA be inhibited by anti–IL-16 (median inhibition, 39% and 59%; P < .05). In addition, allergen released significant quantities of IL-16 from mild asthmatic explants (P < .05) but not from moderate asthmatic explants. Antibodies to the CD28 counter-ligands CD80 and CD86 inhibited allergen-induced release of TLCA in mild asthmatic explants by 94% (P < .05) and 62%, but TLCA release from moderate asthmatic explants was unaffected by CTLA4-Ig. Conclusion: These results show that TLCA release in moderate asthmatic airways, in contrast to mild asthmatic airways, is not dependent on CD28/B7 costimulation and does not involve IL-16. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:906-14.)
We present a new analysis of the profile data from the 47 millisecond pulsars comprising the 12.5-year data set of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), which ...is presented in a parallel paper (Alam et al. 2021a; NG12.5). Our reprocessing is performed using "wideband" timing methods, which use frequency-dependent template profiles, simultaneous time-of-arrival (TOA) and dispersion measure (DM) measurements from broadband observations, and novel analysis techniques. In particular, the wideband DM measurements are used to constrain the DM portion of the timing model. We compare the ensemble timing results to NG12.5 by examining the timing residuals, timing models, and noise model components. There is a remarkable level of agreement across all metrics considered. Our best-timed pulsars produce encouragingly similar results to those from NG12.5. In certain cases, such as high-DM pulsars with profile broadening, or sources that are weak and scintillating, wideband timing techniques prove to be beneficial, leading to more precise timing model parameters by 10-15%. The high-precision, multi-band measurements of several pulsars indicate frequency-dependent DMs. Compared to the narrowband analysis in NG12.5, the TOA volume is reduced by a factor of 33, which may ultimately facilitate computational speed-ups for complex pulsar timing array analyses. This first wideband pulsar timing data set is a stepping stone, and its consistent results with NG12.5 assure us that such data sets are appropriate for gravitational wave analyses.
The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 252, 4 (2021) We present time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements and timing models of 47
millisecond pulsars (MSPs) observed from 2004 to 2017 at the Arecibo
...Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope by the North American Nanohertz
Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). The observing cadence was three
to four weeks for most pulsars over most of this time span, with weekly
observations of six sources. These data were collected for use in low-frequency
gravitational wave searches and for other astrophysical purposes. We detail our
observational methods and present a set of TOA measurements, based on
"narrowband" analysis, in which many TOAs are calculated within narrow
radio-frequency bands for data collected simultaneously across a wide
bandwidth. A separate set of "wideband" TOAs will be presented in a companion
paper. We detail a number of methodological changes compared to our previous
work which yield a cleaner and more uniformly processed data set. Our timing
models include several new astrometric and binary pulsar measurements,
including previously unpublished values for the parallaxes of PSRs J1832-0836
and J2322+2057, the secular derivatives of the projected semi-major orbital
axes of PSRs J0613-0200 and J2229+2643, and the first detection of the Shapiro
delay in PSR J2145-0750. We report detectable levels of red noise in the time
series for 14 pulsars. As a check on timing model reliability, we investigate
the stability of astrometric parameters across data sets of different lengths.
We report flux density measurements for all pulsars observed. Searches for
stochastic and continuous gravitational waves using these data will be subjects
of forthcoming publications.
We present time-of-arrival measurements and timing models of 47 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) observed from 2004 to 2017 at the Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope by the North American ...Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). The observing cadence was three to four weeks for most pulsars over most of this time span, with weekly observations of six sources. These data were collected for use in low-frequency gravitational wave searches and for other astrophysical purposes. We detail our observational methods and present a set of time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements, based on "narrowband" analysis, in which many TOAs are calculated within narrow radio-frequency bands for data collected simultaneously across a wide bandwidth. A separate set of "wideband" TOAs will be presented in a companion paper. We detail a number of methodological changes compared to our previous work which yield a cleaner and more uniformly processed data set. Our timing models include several new astrometric and binary pulsar measurements, including previously unpublished values for the parallaxes of PSRs J1832-0836 and J2322+2057, the secular derivatives of the projected semi-major orbital axes of PSRs J0613-0200 and J2229+2643, and the first detection of the Shapiro delay in PSR J2145-0750. We report detectable levels of red noise in the time series for fourteen pulsars. As a check on timing model reliability, we investigate the stability of astrometric parameters across data sets of different lengths. We report flux density measurements for all pulsars observed. Searches for stochastic and continuous gravitational waves using these data will be subjects of forthcoming publications.
The purpose of this study was (1) to establish the maximal interval between the onset of ischemia and reperfusion that would permit a decrease in the size of infarction, and (2) to evaluate the ...relation between changes in infarct size and preservation of cardiac function. Studies were carried out in 19 dogs of which 13 had temporary (1 to 3 hours) occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The hospital course of 15 patients of whom 13 underwent myocardial revascularization within 8 hours of acute infarction was also reviewed. In dogs, the eventual pathologic infarct size was significantly reduced if reperfusion was performed within 2 hours of ischemia. After 2 hours of ischemia, the revascularized segment remained dyskinetic on angiographic assessment and cardiac function was depressed. After 3 hours of ischemia, in spite of a patent coronary artery, the extent of infarct and dykinesia was greater than during ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In patients, small infarcts developed with revascularization performed more than 4 hours after infarction but with revascularization of the left anterior descending coronary artery the size of the dyskinetic area (as assessed with angiography) was similar to that in patients with a closed graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery but with a patent graft to its diagonal branch. In all patients after revascularization the extent of the left ventricular dyskinetic area was smaller and cardiac function was significantly better than in patient who did not receive revascularization for complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In spite of successful revascularization, electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction persisted postoperatively. It is concluded that reperfusion of an area of myocardium that has been ischemic for less than 2 hours in dogs or less than 4 hours in man may lead to a significant reduction in the extent of infarction as well as improvement in cardiac function. However, the revascularized area remains angiographically dyskinetic and electrocardiographically abnormal.
The medical information, financial, and logistic aspects of a comprehensive computer-based Appointment, Registration, Information System, and Evaluation (ARISE) are analyzed for the management of a ...family planning program serving 30,000 patients annually. An overview of the existing computer system network is presented with descriptions of the interactive master patient index, the batch appointment process, the management statistics package, and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) reporting. Emphasis is placed on the financial management control system which includes 1) procedures for third-party submission of claims for payment, in particular Titles IVA, XX, and XIX (Social Security Act), together with discussion of related administrative requirements; 2) technics of auditing data integrity including systematic sampling of collected data; and 3) the process of billing and receipts collection. Methodology and implementation aspects of ARISE may have wide applicability to other family planning and similarly structured clinical programs.
