The purpose of this study was to develop a novel nano antibacterial formulation of dextran sulfate sodium polymer. The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) nanoparticles were formulated with gelation ...technique. The nanoparticles exhibited significant physicochemical and effective antibacterial properties, with zeta potential of - 35.2 mV, particle size of 69.3 z d nm, polydispersity index of 0.6, and percentage polydispersity of 77.8. The DSS nanoparticles were stable up to 102 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed an endothermic peak at 165.77 °C in 12.46 min, while XRD analysis at 2θ depicted various peaks at 21.56°, 33.37°, 38.73°, 47.17°, 52.96°, and 58.42°, indicating discrete nanoparticle formation. Antibacterial studies showed that the DSS nanoparticles were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of DSS nanoparticles for Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) were 150, 200, 250, 150, 200, 250, 250 µg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial effects of DSS nanoparticles were in the order E. coli (26 ± 1.2 mm) at 150 µg/mL > S. pyogenes (24.6 ± 0.8 mm) at 250 µg/mL > B. subtilis (23.5 ± 2 mm) at 150 µg/mL > K. pneumoniae (22 ± 2 mm) at 250 µg/mL > P. aeruginosa (21.8 ± 1 mm) at 200 µg/mL > S. aureus (20.8 ± 1 mm) at 200 µg/mL > P. vulgaris (20.5 ± 0.9 mm) at 250 µg/mL. These results demonstrate the antibacterial potency of DSS injectable nanoparticles.
The present study was designed to discover novel secondary antibiotic metabolites from Actinomycetes species from the soil of Rijal Almaa, Saudi Arabia. A laboratory-scale benchtop fermentation was ...utilized for the demonstration of antibiotics from the soil actinomycetes. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis of the fermented product (FP) was carried out, which showed unique fingerprint regions indicating the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups, aliphatic compounds, carboxylic groups, esters, isothiocyanate, etc. GC-MS analysis of the FP depicted the unique structures of secondary metabolites, such as cyclononasiloxane octadecamethyl, cercosporin, ethyl iso-allocholate, octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl), dasycarpidan-1-methanol (acetate), heptadecane, 9-hexyl-, phthalic acid-butyl, and octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl). The TGA analysis showed the thermal stability of FP and the initial weight loss in FP was observed at 277.29 °C. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of FP analysis demonstrated the various characteristic peaks presence of secondary metabolites. The XRD analysis at 2θ revealed distinct particles based on specific diffraction peaks. A set of six human bacterial pathogens, namely, the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), were utilized for screening. The FP exhibited promising antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial organisms. The antibacterial spectrum of activity was greater for E. coli and B. subtilis than for K. pneumoniae.
The purpose of this study was to develop injectable nanocrystals (NC) from stem exudate gel (EG) from Caralluma retrospiciens (Ehrenb) using the technique of nanoprecipitation. The NC had a zeta ...potential of −5.58 ± 4.27 mV. Size distribution analysis showed that it ranged in size from 100 to 300 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.467, while its percentage PDI was 68.4. Scanning electron microscopic analysis and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the morphological features of NC as discrete crystals with rough surfaces. The mobility of NC was 5.5 µm.cm/Vs, while its conductivity was 0.16 mS/cm. Antibacterial studies showed broad activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NC against Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were 6, 8, 8, 4, 8, and 6 % (w/v), respectively. The antibacterial effect was highest against K. pneumoniae (25.6 ± 1.5 mm), followed by E. coli (25.5 ± 1.8 mm), P. aeruginosa (24.1 ± 1.2 mm), S. pyogenes (22.2 ± 1.2 mm), S. aureus (21.83 ± 1.2 mm) and B. subtilis (20.33 ± 1.8 mm). In this study, the cytotoxicity properties of NC were determined against MCF-7 breast cancer cells ATCC. The NC failed to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells against the even at 300 µg/mL concentration. These results indicated that the NC is a promising antibacterial injectable dosage form.
Aloe fleurentiniorum is a desert plant that is occasionally used to treat wounds by local people of Aridah and Fayfa mountains in Saudi Arabia. However, medicinal value of the plant has not been ...scientifically established. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioactive phytocomponents contained in the exudate gel (EG) from the leaves of Aloe fleurentiniorum using GC–MS and FT-IR studies, as well as antibacterial assays. Medicinally important bioactive compounds were identified using GC–MS analysis. The bioactive compounds are “pregn-5-ene-3α,20-diol”, “16α-methyl-pregnane-11,20-dione”, “3-hydroxy-(3α,5α)-, ursodeoxycholic acid”, “1-heptatriacotanol”, “allopregnane-7α,11α-diol-3,20-dione”, “D-arabino-hexopyranoside”, “2-octadecenoic acid methyl ester”, “D-ribo-hexose,2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl glucosamine”, “N-acetyl-N-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside”, “nonyl 1-thio pregnenolone”, “5-cholestene-3-ol, 24-methyl-cholestanol”, and “D-allose hexadecanoic acid methyl ester”. Furthermore, specific groups and their respective chemical compounds were identified via FT-IR spectroscopy studies. The FT-IR spectroscopy of EG showed various functional groups at 3354, 2945, 2832, 2523, 2046, 1707, 1451, 1108, 1031, 880, 737 and 610 cm−1. The FT-IR peaks revealed the likely presence of various compounds such as glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, amino sugars, cutin and isothiocyanate. Moreover, EG produced a wide range of antibacterial effects on some screened human pathogenic bacteria.
The present study aimed to explore the biocomponents of Murraya koenigii leaves through hot continuous percolation method using methanol as solvent. The spectral analysis by GC-MS and FTIR study ...demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, fatty acids, and steroids. The extract was characterized by the presence of unique compounds such as epiyangambin, stigmasterol, α-terpineol, eucalyptol, ethyl cinnamate, fatty acids, and other steroids.
Preliminary diagnosis of hepatitis B is performed by measuring the levels of serological markers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Errors in diagnosis of the disease using serum ...markers might occur due to the presence of metallic salts in diagnostic samples. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of various metal ions on the diagnosis of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
A simple step sandwich ELISA technique was used to evaluate the effects of metal ions on the diagnosis of HBsAg. Further, the zeta potential, electrical conductivity and redox potential of solutions with proteins and metal salts were measured to evaluate the interaction of these metal ions with the protein.
The results showed that recombinant HBsAg significantly interacted with the tested metal ions, with lithium ion showing the highest interaction, followed by barium, aluminium, and nickel as the percent decrease in the free HBsAg concentration in presence of these metal ions were found to be 95.5, 94.1, 93.5, and 91.6%, respectively. Zeta potential of the protein in reaction mixture also changed considerably and marked decrease in the concentration of free HBsAg was observed. This decrease in the concentration of free HBsAg resulted into error in the ELISA test which was negative in presence of these metal ions due to strong interaction with the HBsAg protein.
The findings of this study clearly demonstrated that the presence of metal ions in pathological samples can result in interaction with the antigen leading to possible diagnostic errors.
Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are ...substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.
The present study focused on demonstrating the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity through the establishment of a cytokine network. We hypothesized the anti-inflammatory, ...pro-inflammatory, and IgE antibody levels after vaccination with lyophilized recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles (LRPDNV), and the efficacy compared well with standard commercial recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The cytokine network was efficiently regulated by striking a balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8R, and IL-12 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ immune response on the 14
and 30
day after primary and booster immunization. The acute phase protein CRP level was increased due to IL-6 after immunizing with LRPDNV. On the other hand, the IgE level was not significantly increased to induce any allergic reactions after immunization with LRPDNV. The study concluded that after immunizing with LRPDNV, a significant immunological response was established, implying that DHA nanovesicles have significant potential as an adjuvant method for delivering recombinant HBsAg protein. On the other hand, following immunization with LRPDNV, the IgE level was not noticeably elevated enough to cause any adverse reactions. The study concludes that a robust immune response was developed after immunizing with LRPDNV and suggests that DHA nanovesicles have much potential to deliver recombinant HBsAg protein.
Recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles were successfully developed, lyophilized (LRPDNV) and characterized for their physico-chemical properties. The zetapotential (ZP) of LRPDNV ...was −60.4 ± 10.4 mV, and its polydispersity (PDI) was 0.201, with a % PDI of 74.8. The particle sizes of LRPDNV were 361.4 ± 48.24 z. d.nm and 298.8 ± 13.4 r.nm. The % mass (r.nm) of LRPDNV in a colloidal injectable system was 50, its mobility value was −3.417 µm cm/Vs, while the conductivity of the particles was 0.728 (mS/cm). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis showed smooth morphological characteristics of discrete spherical LRPDNV. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of LRPDNV revealed that LRPDNV is thermostable. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed a discrete crystalline structure of LRPDNV at 2θ. Nuclear magnet resonance (NMR) studies (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrum showed the discrete structure of LRPDNV. The immunogenicity study was performed by antibody induction technique. The anti-HBs IgG levels were elevated in Wistar rats; the antibody induction was observed more in the product (LRPDNV) treatment group when compared to the standard vaccine group. The level of antibodies on the 14th and 30th day was 6.3 ± 0.78 U/mL and 9.24 ± 1.76 U/mL in the treatment and standard vaccine groups, respectively. Furthermore, the antibody level on the 30th day in the treatment group was 26.66 ± 0.77 U/mL, and in the standard vaccine group, the antibody level was 23.94 ± 1.62 U/mL. The LRPDNV vaccine delivery method released HBsAg sustainably from the 14th to the 30th day. The results of this study indicate the successful formulation of DHA nanovesicles which have great potential as an adjuvant system for the delivery of recombinant HBsAg protein.
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