Climate Velocity Can Inform Conservation in a Warming World Brito-Morales, Isaac; García Molinos, Jorge; Schoeman, David S. ...
Trends in ecology & evolution (Amsterdam),
June 2018, 2018-06-00, 20180601, Letnik:
33, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Climate change is shifting the ranges of species. Simple predictive metrics of range shifts such as climate velocity, that do not require extensive knowledge or data on individual species, could help ...to guide conservation. We review research on climate velocity, describing the theory underpinning the concept and its assumptions. We highlight how climate velocity has already been applied in conservation-related research, including climate residence time, climate refugia, endemism, historic and projected range shifts, exposure to climate change, and climate connectivity. Finally, we discuss ways to enhance the use of climate velocity in conservation through tailoring it to be more biologically meaningful, informing design of protected areas, conserving ocean biodiversity in 3D, and informing conservation actions.
Climate velocity is a simple metric that describes the speed and direction of climate movement at any point in space.
Climate velocity is providing information about climate change that is relevant for conservation, including the study of protected areas, novel and/or disappearing climates, rates of endemism, and range shifts.
To better inform conservation, climate velocity can be tailored to be more biologically meaningful through the addition of dispersal capabilities, physiological tolerance, and potential routes of movements of species.
There is untapped potential for using climate velocity and climate-velocity trajectories in informing the design of protected areas and their networks, conserving ocean biodiversity in 3D, and in informing conservation actions.
To stimulate future research using climate velocity, we introduce the R package vocc.
Plastome phylogenomics is used in a broad range of studies where single markers do not bear enough information. Phylogenetic reconstruction in the genus
Salix
is difficult due to the lack of ...informative characters and reticulate evolution. Here, we use a genome skimming approach to reconstruct 41 complete plastomes of 32 Eurasian and North American
Salix
species representing different lineages, different ploidy levels, and separate geographic regions. We combined our plastomes with published data from Genbank to build a comprehensive phylogeny of 61 samples (50 species) using RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood). Additionally, haplotype networks for two observed subclades were calculated, and 72 genes were tested to be under selection. The results revealed a highly conserved structure of the observed plastomes. Within the genus, we observed a variation of 1.68%, most of which separated subg.
Salix
from the subgeneric
Chamaetia/Vetrix
clade. Our data generally confirm previous plastid phylogenies, however, within
Chamaetia/Vetrix
phylogenetic results represented neither taxonomical classifications nor geographical regions. Non-coding DNA regions were responsible for most of the observed variation within subclades and 5.6% of the analyzed genes showed signals of diversifying selection. A comparison of nuclear restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and plastome data on a subset of 10 species showed discrepancies in topology and resolution. We assume that a combination of (i) a very low mutation rate due to efficient mechanisms preventing mutagenesis, (ii) reticulate evolution, including ancient and ongoing hybridization, and (iii) homoplasy has shaped plastome evolution in willows.
Advective fluxes influence methane and CO2 soil emissions into the atmosphere on Earth and may drive trace gas emissions in the Mars atmosphere. However, their relevance in the Martian regolith has ...not been evaluated to date. Our regolith transport simulations show that advective fluxes can be relevant under Martian conditions and may drive the methane abundance detected by Mars Science Laboratory. Trace gas emissions would be highest in regions where winds interact with topography. Emissions in these regions may be further enhanced by time‐varying pressure fields produced by diurnal thermal tides and atmospheric turbulence. Trace gases such as methane should be emitted or produced from the first layers of regolith, or quickly transported to this region from a deeper reservoir through fractured media.
Plain Language Summary
Regolith emissions are driven by diffusion and/or advection, depending on the scenario. Advective fluxes influence methane and CO2 soil emissions into the atmosphere on Earth and may drive trace gas emissions in the Mars atmosphere. However, their relevance in the Martian regolith has not been evaluated to date. Our regolith transport simulations show that advective fluxes produced by winds and atmospheric pressure fluctuations can be relevant under Martian conditions and may drive the methane abundance detected by Mars Science Laboratory. Trace gases such as methane should be emitted or produced from the first layers of regolith, or quickly transported to this region from a deeper reservoir through fractured media.
Key Points
Wind‐induced pressure gradients in regolith, a well‐known mechanism that influences soil emission on Earth, may be relevant under Martian conditions and drive the methane abundance detected by Mars Science Laboratory
Methane and other trace gas species should be emitted or produced between the surface and the first few meters of depth
Fractured media are the best candidate to emit methane and other trace gases driven by pressure pumping in the Martian regolith
Una de las principales limitantes de la producción en los suelos lateríticos es la baja disponibilidad de fósforo (P). Las bacterias del suelo conocidas como bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfato ...(PSB) tienen la capacidad de solubilizar formas insolubles de P inorgánico principalmente mediante la producción de ácidos orgánicos y la quelación de óxidos de calcio, hierro o aluminio. La inoculación con PSB seleccionadas para aumentar la población nativa puede movilizar P a partir de fuentes poco disponibles y por lo tanto mejorar la nutrición de las plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inoculación sobre las distintas formas de P en suelo, así como sobre la absorción de P por las plantas de naranjo (Citrussinensis) variedad Newhall. La inoculación evidenció un efecto positivo sobre la nutrición vegetal al incrementar el contenido foliar de P. Este incremento fue más notable en los ensayos inoculados y fertilizados. La inoculación con las cepas Enterobacter aerogenes R4M-A y Burkholderia caledonica R4M-O benefició el incremento de las distintas formas de P disponibles del suelo, y también la absorción de P por las plantas de naranjo (C. sinensis) variedad Newhall.
To analyze associations between the dietary intake of multiple nutrients and risk of progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD), its subtypes, and large drusen.
Post hoc analysis of 2 ...controlled clinical trial cohorts: Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS2.
Eyes with no late AMD at baseline among AREDS participants (n = 4504) and AREDS2 participants (n = 3738) totaled 14 135 eyes. Mean age was 71.0 years (standard deviation, 6.7 years), and 56.5% of patients were women.
Fundus photographs were collected at annual study visits and graded centrally for late AMD. Dietary intake of multiple nutrients was calculated from food frequency questionnaires.
Progression to late AMD, geographic atrophy (GA), neovascular AMD, and (separate analyses) large drusen.
Over median follow-up of 10.2 years, of the 14 135 eyes, 32.7% progressed to late AMD. For 9 nutrients, intake quintiles 4 or 5 (vs. 1) were associated significantly (P ≤ 0.0005) with decreased risk of late AMD: vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, magnesium, copper, and alcohol. For 3 nutrients, quintiles 4 or 5 were associated significantly with increased risk: saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and oleic acid. Similar results were observed for GA. Regarding neovascular AMD, 9 nutrients were associated nominally with decreased risk-vitamin A, vitamin B6, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, magnesium, copper, docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acid, and alcohol-and 3 nutrients were associated with increased risk-saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and oleic acid. In separate analyses (n = 5399 eyes of 3164 AREDS participants), 12 nutrients were associated nominally with decreased risk of large drusen.
Higher dietary intake of multiple nutrients, including minerals, vitamins, and carotenoids, is associated with decreased risk of progression to late AMD. These associations are stronger for GA than for neovascular AMD. The same nutrients also tend to show protective associations against large drusen development. Strong genetic interactions exist for some nutrient-genotype combinations, particularly omega-3 fatty acids and CFH. These data may justify further research into underlying mechanisms and randomized trials of supplementation.
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of heart failure and despite advanced therapeutic options, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Although acute inflammation in response to myocardial ...cell death has been extensively studied, subsequent adaptive immune activity and anti-heart autoimmunity may also contribute to the development of heart failure. After ischemic injury to the myocardium, dendritic cells (DC) respond to cardiomyocyte necrosis, present cardiac antigen to T cells, and potentially initiate a persistent autoimmune response against the heart. Cross-priming DC have the ability to activate both CD4
helper and CD8
cytotoxic T cells in response to necrotic cells and may thus be crucial players in exacerbating autoimmunity targeting the heart. This study investigates a role for cross-priming DC in post-myocardial infarction immunopathology through presentation of self-antigen from necrotic cardiac cells to cytotoxic CD8
T cells.
We induced type 2 myocardial infarction-like ischemic injury in the heart by treatment with a single high dose of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. We characterized the DC population in the heart and mediastinal lymph nodes and analyzed long-term cardiac immunopathology and functional decline in wild type and
-depleted mice lacking DC cross-priming function.
A diverse DC population, including cross-priming DC, is present in the heart and activated after ischemic injury.
mice deficient in DC cross-priming are protected from persistent immune-mediated myocardial damage and decline of cardiac function, likely because of dampened activation of cytotoxic CD8
T cells.
Activation of cytotoxic CD8
T cells by cross-priming DC contributes to exacerbation of postischemic inflammatory damage of the myocardium and corresponding decline in cardiac function. Importantly, this provides novel therapeutic targets to prevent postischemic immunopathology and heart failure.
Wind speeds measured by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater were fitted as a Weibull distribution. InSight wind data acquired in Elysium Planitia were also used to contextualize ...observations. Jezero winds were found to be much calmer on average than in previous landing sites, despite the intense aeolian activity observed. However, a great influence of turbulence and wave activity was observed in the wind speed variations, thus driving the probability of reaching the highest wind speeds at Jezero, instead of sustained winds driven by local, regional, or large-scale circulation. The power spectral density of wind speed fluctuations follows a power-law, whose slope deviates depending on the time of day from that predicted considering homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Daytime wave activity is related to convection cells and smaller eddies in the boundary layer, advected over the crater. The signature of convection cells was also found during dust storm conditions, when prevailing winds were consistent with a tidal drive. Nighttime fluctuations were also intense, suggesting strong mechanical turbulence. Convective vortices were usually involved in rapid wind fluctuations and extreme winds, with variations peaking at 9.2 times the background winds. Transient high wind events by vortex-passages, turbulence, and wave activity could be driving aeolian activity at Jezero. We report the detection of a strong dust cloud of 0.75–1.5 km in length passing over the rover. The observed aeolian activity had major implications for instrumentation, with the wind sensor suffering damage throughout the mission, probably due to flying debris advected by winds.
The sound of a Martian dust devil Murdoch, N; Stott, A E; Gillier, M ...
Nature communications,
12/2022, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dust devils (convective vortices loaded with dust) are common at the surface of Mars, particularly at Jezero crater, the landing site of the Perseverance rover. They are indicators of atmospheric ...turbulence and are an important lifting mechanism for the Martian dust cycle. Improving our understanding of dust lifting and atmospheric transport is key for accurate simulation of the dust cycle and for the prediction of dust storms, in addition to being important for future space exploration as grain impacts are implicated in the degradation of hardware on the surface of Mars. Here we describe the sound of a Martian dust devil as recorded by the SuperCam instrument on the Perseverance rover. The dust devil encounter was also simultaneously imaged by the Perseverance rover's Navigation Camera and observed by several sensors in the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument. Combining these unique multi-sensorial data with modelling, we show that the dust devil was around 25 m large, at least 118 m tall, and passed directly over the rover travelling at approximately 5 m s
. Acoustic signals of grain impacts recorded during the vortex encounter provide quantitative information about the number density of particles in the vortex. The sound of a Martian dust devil was inaccessible until SuperCam microphone recordings. This chance dust devil encounter demonstrates the potential of acoustic data for resolving the rapid wind structure of the Martian atmosphere and for directly quantifying wind-blown grain fluxes on Mars.
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