A non-trivial balance between Coulomb repulsion and kinematic effects determines the electronic structure of correlated electron materials. The use electromagnetic fields strong enough to rival these ...native microscopic interactions allows us to study the electronic response as well as the timescales and energies involved in using quantum effects for possible applications. We use element-specific transient x-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-harmonic generation to measure the response to ultrashort off-resonant optical fields in the prototypical correlated electron insulator NiO. Surprisingly, fields of up to 0.22 V/Å leads to no detectable changes on the correlated Ni 3d-orbitals contrary to previous predictions. A transient directional charge transfer is uncovered, a behavior that is captured by first-principles theory. Our results highlight the importance of retardation effects in electronic screening, and pinpoints a key challenge in functionalizing correlated materials for ultrafast device operation.
This study quantified species and functional group diversity in a grassland plant community in south-western Montana, USA. Specific objectives were to measure the richness and density of functional ...groups within the grassland community, measure the biomass of each functional group, and calculate diversity indices for each functional group. We hypothesized that diversity would be greater than previous descriptions for the Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron spicatum Elymus spicatus habitat type because our multiple-season method would recognize seasonal and environmental variations in community composition. Of the species present, we hypothesized that forb functional groups account for the majority of richness and biomass of this grassland plant community. Species richness and density were measured during spring, summer, and autumn of 2000, and biomass was collected during spring, summer, and autumn of 2001. Species richness was measured by counting all species present on 4-m2 plots. We measured forb density per 4-m2 plot and determined grass density by counting tillers per species within a 0.2x0.5-m frame. Diversity indices were calculated for each functional group. Biomass by functional group was clipped from three 0.2x0.5-m frames per 4-m2 plot. Data support the hypothesis that multiple-season sampling recognizes greater species diversity at one location because both sites were more diverse plant communities than previously described for this habitat type. We documented 14 graminoids and 69 forbs from just 2 sites. The total diversity of a 4-m2 plot averaged 42 species, consisting of 5 grasses, 12 deep-rooted forbs, and 25 shallow-rooted forbs. Our data also support the hypothesis that forb functional groups represent the majority of the richness and biomass of the grassland community. Forbs account for 83% of species richness in this research. In addition, forbs represent a greater proportion of plant biomass than grasses on our sites. Functional group diversity and forb diversity should be a larger consideration in Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron spicatum grassland management decisions. We recommend that land managers recognize forb species and forb functional group diversity in grassland classifications. Maintaining diversity should be a primary objective of land managers because increased diversity has been found to increase community stability and productivity, and decrease the risk of invasion by undesired species. To encourage land managers to put more resources into monitoring diversity, a simple and repeatable sampling procedure applicable to both community and landscape scales needs to be developed.
Active in mouse tail suspension test at 10 and 30
mpk PO.
Novel chiral cyclohexylaryl amines were developed with potent reuptake inhibition against the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine ...transporters and activity at 10 and 30
mpk PO in the mouse tail suspension test. Prototype compound
31 (SERT, NET, DAT IC
50
⩽
1, 21, 28
nM) was highly brain penetrant, had minimal CYP and hERG inhibition, and represents a previously undisclosed architecture with potential for treatment of major depressive disorder.
Marine red algae of the genus Gracilaria are a major agarophyte resource in the world and are cultivated or harvested for the phycocolloid industry. Gracilaria species are characterized by a ...haplo-diploid life cycle. Haploid (gametophytes) and diploid (tetrasporophytes) individuals are isomorphic, perennial and coexist in populations. In Europe, the species Gracilaria gracilis occurs naturally in discontinuous patches of up to several hundred individuals from the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Adriatic Sea. From an evolutionary point of view, many questions concerning the respective advantages of haploid and diploid phases within the life cycle can be addressed in red algae such as G. gracilis using both experimental and theoretical approaches. However, the population genetic approach has been limited mainly due to the lack of genetic markers. The first search for microsatellite loci in G. gracilis resulted in the isolation of two highly polymorphic loci. We report here the development of primers for nine new polymorphic loci in this species.
A measurement of charged hadron pair correlations in two-dimensional $\Delta \eta \Delta \phi $ space is presented. The analysis is based on total 30 million central Be + Be collisions observed in ...the NA61/SHINE detector at the CERN SPS for incident beam momenta of 19A, 30A, 40A, 75A, and 150A $\text {Ge} \text {V}/c$. Measurements were carried out for unlike-sign and like-sign charge hadron pairs independently. The $C(\Delta \eta ,\Delta \phi )$ correlation functions were compared with results from a similar analysis on p + p interactions at similar beam momenta per nucleon. General trends of the back-to-back correlations are similar in central Be + Be collisions and p + p interactions, but are suppressed in magnitude due to the increased combinatorial background. Predictions from the Epos and UrQMD models are compared to the measurements. Evolution of an enhancement around $(\Delta \eta ,\Delta \phi ) = (0,0)$ with incident energy is observed in central Be + Be collisions. It is not predicted by both models and almost non-existing in proton–proton collisions at the same momentum per nucleon.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Previous results obtained by KASCADE-Grande using the QGSjetII-02 hadronic interaction model have shown that the energy spectrum of cosmic rays between 1016eV and 1018eV exhibits a significant ...hardening at approximately 2×1016eV and a slight but statistically significant steepening close to 1017eV. Moreover, the analysis with QGSjetII-02 suggests that the break observed around 1017eV is caused by the heavy component of primary cosmic rays. In this paper, we report on the results of similar analyses performed using the SIBYLL 2.1 and EPOS 1.99 hadronic interaction models to interpret the data. The present results confirm qualitatively the previous findings. However, the intensity of the all-particle spectrum, the positions of the hardening and steepening of the spectrum, as well as the relative abundance of the heavy and light mass groups depend on the hadronic interaction model used to interpret the data.
Evaluation of male erectile function ideally should include measurement of axial rigidity expressed as grams force required to produce penile buckling. An axial rigidity more than 550 gm. is ...generally considered adequate for vaginal penetration. Unfortunately, this test cannot be done frequently and may disrupt sleep. An alternative method of determining rigidity is to use the RigiScan,* which makes repetitive measurements of radial rigidity at the base and tip of the penis expressed as per cent of normal maximum. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between axial and radial rigidity measurements but they have not been compared in patients with a wide range of erectile function. We performed a prospective study in a consecutive series of patients presenting with impotence comparing axial rigidity measured with a tonometer and radial rigidity measured by RigiScan. Erectile rigidity also was evaluated by a trained, blinded observer. Overall, RigiScan base and tip radial rigidity correlated well with axial rigidity (p < 0.002) and observer ratings (p < 0.003); axial rigidity similarly correlated well with observer ratings (p < 0.0001). However, when RigiScan base and tip radial rigidity exceeded 60% of maximum, there was a poor correlation with axial rigidity and observer ratings (p > 0.1). In this range, the RigiScan failed to discriminate axial rigidities between 450 and 900 gm. buckling force; however, axial rigidity in this same range again correlated well with observer ratings (p < 0.0001). Since an axial rigidity of more than 550 gm. is considered adequate for vaginal penetration, the RigiScan may not be able to detect mild abnormalities in erectile function. Further study is in progress to evaluate the significance of these findings but presently a RigiScan measurement of radial rigidity in excess of 60% of maximum should be interpreted cautiously and not necessarily regarded as normal. In this range further measurements of axial rigidity or observer ratings of rigidity may be necessary to establish the diagnosis.
The novel protein Nowa was identified in nematocysts, explosive organelles of Hydra, jellyfish, corals and other CNIDARIA: Biogenesis of these organelles is complex and involves assembly of proteins ...inside a post-Golgi vesicle to form a double-layered capsule with a long tubule. Nowa is the major component of the outer wall, which is formed very early in morphogenesis. The high molecular weight glycoprotein has a modular structure with an N-terminal sperm coating glycoprotein domain, a central C-type lectin-like domain, and an eightfold repeated cysteine-rich domain at the C-terminus. Interestingly, the cysteine-rich domains are homologous to the cysteine-rich domains of minicollagens. We have previously shown that the cysteines of these minicollagen cysteine-rich domains undergo an isomerization process from intra- to intermolecular disulfide bonds, which mediates the crosslinking of minicollagens to networks in the inner wall of the capsule. The minicollagen cysteine-rich domains present in both proteins provide a potential link between Nowa in the outer wall and minicollagens in the inner wall. We propose a model for nematocyst formation that integrates cytoskeleton rearrangements around the post-Golgi vesicle and protein assembly inside the vesicle to generate a complex structure that is stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds.
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