On Oct 22, 2015, WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS), the first global collaborative effort to standardise antimicrobial resistance surveillance.1 GLASS ...supports the strategic objective of WHO's Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance to strengthen the evidence base.2 GLASS provides a standardised approach to the collection, analysis, and sharing of antimicrobial resistance data by countries, and seeks to document the status of existing or newly developed national surveillance systems.3 GLASS is supported by WHO Collaborating Centres, involving strong commitment from participating countries and close collaborations with regional networks. Acinetobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.3 These data are collected through a case-finding surveillance system, which collates results of priority specimens from blood, urine, stool, as well as cervical and urethral specimens, that have been sent routinely to laboratories for clinical purposes. Five countries also submitted data for the total sampled population; this denominator allowed for the calculation of antimicrobial resistance incidence in tested patients, a metric so far not often used to measure resistance, and in some cases, to stratify it for sex, age, and infection origin. Because this submission was the first year of GLASS data collection, great variability was expected in the completeness and quality of antimicrobial resistance data, and differences were addressed to promote a harmonised representation of the results and to show country efforts.
A major issue in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is "de-duplication" or removal of repeated isolates, for which there exist multiple methods. The World Health Organization (WHO) ...Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) requires de-duplication by selecting only the first isolate of a given bacterial species per patient per surveillance period per specimen type per age group, gender, and infection origin stratification. However, no study on the comparative application of this method has been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in data tabulation between the WHO GLASS and the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS) system, which counts both patients and isolates after removing repeated isolates of the same bacterial species isolated from a patient within 30 days, regardless of specimen type, but distinguishing isolates with change of antimicrobial resistance phenotype. All bacterial data, consisting of approximately 8 million samples from 1795 Japanese hospitals in 2017 were exported from the JANIS database, and were tabulated using either the de-duplication algorithm of GLASS, or JANIS. We compared the tabulated results of the total number of patients whose blood and urine cultures were taken and of the percentage of resistant isolates of Escherichia coli for each priority antibiotic. The number of patients per specimen type tabulated by the JANIS method was always smaller than that of GLASS. There was a small ( 3%) difference in the percentage of resistance of E. coli for any antibiotic between the two methods in both out- and inpatient settings and blood and urine isolates. The two tabulation methods did not show considerable differences in terms of the tabulated percentages of resistance for E. coli. We further discuss how the use of GLASS tabulations to create a public software and website that could help to facilitate the understanding of and treatment against AMR.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gonorrhoea and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae are major health concerns globally. Increased global surveillance of gonococcal AMR is essential. We aimed to describe the ...2017–18 data from WHO's global gonococcal AMR surveillance, and to discuss priorities essential for the effective management and control of gonorrhoea.
We did a retrospective observational study of the AMR data of gonococcal isolates reported to WHO by 73 countries in 2017–18. WHO recommends that each country collects at least 100 gonococcal isolates per year, and that quantitative methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobials, interpreted by internationally standardised resistance breakpoints, are used.
In 2017–18, 73 countries provided AMR data for one or more drug. Decreased susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone was reported by 21 (31%) of 68 reporting countries and to cefixime by 24 (47%) of 51 reporting countries. Resistance to azithromycin was reported by 51 (84%) of 61 reporting countries and to ciprofloxacin by all 70 (100%) reporting countries. The annual proportion of decreased susceptibility or resistance across countries was 0–21% to ceftriaxone and 0–22% to cefixime, and that of resistance was 0–60% to azithromycin and 0–100% to ciprofloxacin. The number of countries reporting gonococcal AMR and resistant isolates, and the number of examined isolates, have increased since 2015–16. Surveillance remains scarce in central America and the Caribbean and eastern Europe, and in the WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asian regions.
In many countries, ciprofloxacin resistance was exceedingly high, azithromycin resistance was increasing, and decreased susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime continued to emerge. WHO's global surveillance of gonococcal AMR needs to expand internationally to provide imperative data for national and international management guidelines and public health policies. Improved prevention, early diagnosis, treatment of index patients and partners, enhanced surveillance (eg, infection, AMR, treatment failures, and antimicrobial use or misuse), and increased knowledge on antimicrobial selection, stewardship, and pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics are essential. The development of rapid, accurate, and affordable point-of-care gonococcal diagnostic tests, new antimicrobials, and gonococcal vaccines is imperative.
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The graphene synthesis via the electrochemical method and electrochemical deposition of graphene on Al foils and AlSi10MgCu particles were studied. The thickness of deposited graphene layers was ...varied from 3 to 20 layers and, thus, they were classified as multi-graphene. The chemically pure sucrose C12H22O11 was used as a raw material for graphene synthesis. It was shown that the deposition of graphene layers was affected mainly by the pH values of electrolyte mediums. In the electrochemical reaction at H2SO4 water solution at pH < 7, the graphene was deposited on Al foils and on AlSi10MgCu particles from the electrolyte. The microstructure and composition of graphene formed on Al foils and AlSi10MgCu particles' surface were studied by Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, and TEM methods. The chemical mechanism of graphene formation was defined as follows: the sucrose was recovered via the reaction route C12H22O11 → C6H12O6 → Cgraphene in acidic aqueous media. An increase in the H2SO4 concentration from 0.05 M to 0.80 M has resulted in the formation of graphene layers with up to 6 μm thickness on AlSi10MgCu particles.
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•The synthesis of graphene obtained via electrochemical method was studied.•An electrochemical deposition of graphene on Al foils and AlSi10MgCu particles were executed.•The thickness of deposited graphene layers was varied from 3 to 20 layers.•The microstructure and composition of graphene formed on Al foils and AlSi10MgCu particles' surface were studied.•The chemical mechanism of graphene formation was C12H22O11.→ C6H12O6 → Cgraphene
A rapid review, guided by a protocol, was conducted to inform development of the World Health Organization's guideline on personal protective equipment in the context of the ongoing (2013-present) ...Western African filovirus disease outbreak, with a focus on health care workers directly caring for patients with Ebola or Marburg virus diseases.
Electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched. Eligibility criteria initially included comparative studies on Ebola and Marburg virus diseases reported in English or French, but criteria were expanded to studies on other viral hemorrhagic fevers and non-comparative designs due to the paucity of studies. After title and abstract screening (two people to exclude), full-text reports of potentially relevant articles were assessed in duplicate. Fifty-seven percent of extraction information was verified. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework was used to inform the quality of evidence assessments.
Thirty non-comparative studies (8 related to Ebola virus disease) were located, and 27 provided data on viral transmission. Reporting of personal protective equipment components and infection prevention and control protocols was generally poor.
Insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions regarding the comparative effectiveness of various types of personal protective equipment. Additional research is urgently needed to determine optimal PPE for health care workers caring for patients with filovirus.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this study was to develop a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) that is based on the change in fluorescence polarization of fluorescently labeled small antigen when bound by a ...specific antibody, for use as a screening test for zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals and their products. Syntheses of fluorescein-labeled ZEN tracers containing three linkers of different lengths (2, 3 and 6-carbon bridge), ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane and hexamethylenediamine, were explored and their binding response with ZEN-specific antibody was evaluated. A fluoresceinthiocarbamyl hexamethylenediamine-labeled ZEN conjugate (ZEN-HMDF), which contain a 6-carbon bridge, was found to be the most sensitive FPIA for detection of ZEN. When tested on corn matrix the FPIA using the ZEN-HMDF tracer showed a detection range for ZEN of 150–1000
μg
kg
−1 with a detection limit of 137
μg
kg
−1, and required less than 2
min per sample to carry out, excluding extraction time. The average recovery from spiked corn samples was 106.4
±
12.5%. Comparative analyses of 70 naturally occurring cereals and their products using FPIA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the coefficients of determination (
r
2) between FPIA and ELISA, and between FPIA and HPLC were 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. These results suggest that the ZEN-HMDF tracer is suitable for FPIA, which has potential as a screening tool for ZEN in grains without the need for a complicated clean-up procedure.
The article presents selected scientific approaches based on multi-criteria optimization which can be applied for the organization of passenger public transport within the context of long-term ...territorial development of the city. The transport network of the city of Krasnoyarsk was chosen as an example for the presentation of practical application of these approaches.
The paper deals with the issues of the transport network imitation modeling. Preliminary the authors analyzed the main modeling systems, which include Aimsun, MATSim, Anylogic, PTV VISUM and others. ...All these instrumental tools have the ability to form an arbitrary structure of the transport network. The research showed, however, for the small sections of the street road network (SRN), such as the crossroad, the Anylogic system is more efficient and makes it possible to parameterize the model, which can be used to model various structures of the crossroad. In this regard, the paper proposes a generalized model of the crossroad and, based on its modeling, gives recommendations for choosing the type of crossroads at different intensities of traffic flows.
Objective: To determine the effect of a drug STEMB, which is a biostimulating tissue preparation based on chicken embryos, on the morpho-biochemical blood values of dry cows. Methods: The study was ...conducted on 60 Holstein cows, which were divided into three groups (group 1, group 2, and group 3), with 20 cows in each group. During the experiment, all animals in each group were subjected to the same condition of feeding and maintenance. The experimental animals were administered with the STEMB drug three times subcutaneously at an interval of 7 d within 30 d before calving. Group 1 were given 0.050 mL/kg body weight;group 2 were given 0.075 mL/kg body weight; group 3 were given 0.100 mL/kg body weight. Results: STEMB at 0.075 mL/kg body weight improved the blood cell composition, increasing the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, hemoglobin content, the total protein, albumins, alpha globulins, and gamma globulins. It reduced the beta-globulin index and provided a threshold level for the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and A, M, G immunoglobulins. Conclusions: Use of the STEMB drug with a dose of 0.075 mL/kg body weight given subcutaneously three times at an interval of 7 d within 30 d before delivery is optimal for the prevention of complications during calving and postpartum periods, thereby providing an improvement in the blood cell composition.
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