Significant difference in development between the municipalities is an obstacle for achieving economic sustainability in many Russian regions. Regional development strategies and plans of various ...municipalities often cannot be synchronised because of their incompatibility. Moreover, municipalities usually lack necessary resources to implement their strategies. To solve these problems, we identified groups of municipalities (key units of the settlement system (KUSS)) based on the existing socio-eco- nomic relations, common challenges and development potential. We propose a methodology for identifying KUSS and describe its application. This methodology relies on statistical data available at the municipal level. To assess the interconnection of municipalities, we used 6 statistical socio-economic indicators and 1 integrated index of Gross Municipal Product (GMP). The difference in the first 6 indicators of the development of municipalities demonstrated, that less developed municipalities tend to more developed ones. We used the values of gross municipal product to define high mutual attraction of large municipalities (similar to the gravity model). The distance between municipalities reduced their mutual influence. Due to the limited data set, it was necessary to consider the reliability of the identified inter-municipal relations. Thus, we compared the obtained results with empirical data on population distribution and circular migration between municipalities in the region. The comparison of our calculations and actual data showed high precision of the presented methodology. The resulting grouping of municipalities allowed identifying 21 key units of the settlement system in Sverdlovsk oblast. The proposed methodology can be used for deter- mining large groups of municipalities in Sverdlovsk oblast, as well as in other Russian regions.
The article presents the results of an experimental study of the external magnetic field orientation and magnitude influence on the rubidium atomic clock, simulating the influence of the geomagnetic ...field on the onboard rubidium atomic clock of navigation satellites. The tensor component value of the atomic clock frequency light shift on the rubidium cell was obtained, and this value was ~2 Hz. The comparability of the relative light shift (~10−9) and the regular gravitational correction (4×10−10) to the frequency of the rubidium atomic clock was shown. The experimental results to determine the orientational shift influence on the rubidium atomic clock frequency were presented. A significant effect on the relative frequency instability of a rubidium atomic clock at a level of 10−12(10−13) for rotating external magnetic field amplitudes of 1.5 A/m and 3 A/m was demonstrated. This magnitude corresponds to the geomagnetic field in the orbit of navigation satellites. The necessity of taking into account various factors (satellite orbit parameters and atomic clock characteristics) is substantiated for correct comparison of corrections to the rubidium onboard atomic clock frequency associated with the Earth’s gravitational field action and the satellite orientation in the geomagnetic field.
Significant difference in development between the municipalities is an obstacle for achieving economic sustainability in many Russian regions. Regional development strategies and plans of various ...municipalities often cannot be synchronised because of their incompatibility. Moreover, municipalities usually lack necessary resources to implement their strategies. To solve these problems, we identified groups of municipalities (key units of the settlement system (KUSS)) based on the existing socio-economic relations, common challenges and development potential. We propose a methodology for identifying KUSS and describe its application. This methodology relies on statistical data available at the municipal level. To assess the interconnection of municipalities, we used 6 statistical socio-economic indicators and 1 integrated index of Gross Municipal Product (GMP). The difference in the first 6 indicators of the development of municipalities demonstrated, that less developed municipalities tend to more developed ones. We used the values of gross municipal product to define high mutual attraction of large municipalities (similar to the gravity model). The distance between municipalities reduced their mutual influence. Due to the limited data set, it was necessary to consider the reliability of the identified inter-municipal relations. Thus, we compared the obtained results with empirical data on population distribution and circular migration between municipalities in the region. The comparison of our calculations and actual data showed high precision of the presented methodology. The resulting grouping of municipalities allowed identifying 21 key units of the settlement system in Sverdlovsk oblast. The proposed methodology can be used for determining large groups of municipalities in Sverdlovsk oblast, as well as in other Russian regions.
A method of the relaxation time measurement in a flowing sample, based on the comparison of the amplitudes of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals observed from the reference and tested flowing ...samples was represented. The inductive and optical methods of NMR signal detection in the flowing sample were compared. The levels of NMR signal (10,000 Hz−1/2) and the Hanle magnetometers signal-to-noise ratio (3500 Hz−1/2) were calculated and the possibility of the NMR signal detection with the small-size Hanle magnetometer was demonstrated. Additionally, the absence of a magnet-analyzer and the ability to measure both longitudinal and transverse relaxation time with high accuracy was demonstrated.
The paper presents experimental results on the short-term frequency stability of optically pumped rubidium atomic clock under conditions of operation magnetic field periodic variations and magnetic ...field gradient. The experiments for the case of lamp optical pumping of rubidium vapor with an isotopic filter were performed. It is noted that a decrease in the field strength and the use of high-quality magnetic shields make it possible to significantly increase the short-term frequency stability of the rubidium atomic clock and reduce the average level of the flicker ceiling of the Allan deviation time dependence at averaging times of 100 s.
The article is devoted to solving the problem of ensuring accurate control of the operating temperature of alkali vapor cells for quantum frequency standards and magnetometers in order to increase ...the stability of their parameters. For this purpose, a low-magnetic electric heating chip, containing a temperature control system, which consists of a thin-film heater and a temperature sensor, has been developed and manufactured by MEMS technology. The system has such a design that the magnetic fluxes generated by the electric currents passing through its individual elements mutually extinguish each other. The heating chip and the cesium vapor MEMS cell were integrated into the physical package of the atomic clock. The magnitude of the magnetic field induced in the center of the MEMS cell was estimated by measuring of the atomic clock resonant frequency shift at different heater currents. It was found that the dependence of the parasitic magnetic flux density on the heater current has a linear character with a coefficient of 2.1 nT/mA.
The paper presents the results of modeling the correction of small-sized onboard rubidium atomic clock according to the signal of a quantum magnetometer, the readings of which exactly correspond to ...variations in the external magnetic field installed near the onboard atomic clock and registering both the magnitude and direction of the geomagnetic field in a moving carrier. Various variants of modulation of the external magnetic field are considered and the time dependences of the Allan deviation for these variants are constructed. The correlation coefficients corresponding to variations in the frequency of atomic clock and the readings of a quantum magnetometer are calculated, and the possibility of compensating fluctuations in the frequency of atomic clock caused by a change in the orientation of the carrier in geomagnetic space is demonstrated.
The paper analyzes the effect of geomagnetic variations on the results of measuring the coordinates of a moving point magnetic dipole using signals from a laboratory quantum gradiometer in the form ...of two M Z -type quantum magnetometers with an optical lamp pumping. It is shown that geomagnetic field variations within the laboratory are random and do not depend on the location coordinates of the magnetometers. In addition, the paper discusses the proposed method for determining the distance from the sensitive magnetometer sensor to the magnetic dipole.
A techniques to measurement noise figure of microwave fiber optic transmission line is given. Two method of noise figure measurement - the Y-factor method and the direct noise figure measurement ...method - are discussed and compared. The structure of lab setup of microwave fiber optic line and characteristics of its component, and characteristics of used measurement equipment are given. We measure output noise power spectral density, power gain and noise figure. Lab setup line has noise figure 28.5... 32.5 dB in studied frequency range.
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