Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the first domesticated and cultivated tree species and has historical, social and economical relevance. However, its future as a strategic commodity in ...Mediterranean agriculture is threatened by diverse biotic (traditional and new/emerging pests and diseases) and abiotic (erosion, climate change) menaces. These problems could also be of relevance for new geographical areas where olive cultivation is not traditional but is increasingly spreading (i.e., South America, Australia, etc). One of the major constraints for olive cultivation is Verticillium wilt, a vascular disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. In this review we describe how Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) has become a major problem for olive cultivation during the last two decades. Similar to other vascular diseases, VWO is difficult to manage and single control measure are mostly ineffective. Therefore, an integrated disease management strategy that fits modern sustainable agriculture criteria must be implemented. Multidisciplinary research efforts and advances to understand this pathosystem and to develop appropriate control measures are summarized. The main conclusion is that a holistic approach is the best strategy to effectively control VWO, integrating biological, chemical, physical, and cultural approaches.
Currently available treatments for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis(SPMS) have limited efficacy and/or safety concerns. Adipose-mesenchymal derived stem cells(AdMSCs) represent a promising ...option and can be readily obtained using minimally invasive procedures.
In this triple-blind, placebo-controlled study, cell samples were obtained from consenting patients by lipectomy and subsequently expanded. Patients were randomized to a single infusion of placebo, low-dose(1x106cells/kg) or high-dose(4x106cells/kg) autologous AdMSC product and followed for 12 months. Safety was monitored recording adverse events, laboratory parameters, vital signs and spirometry. Expanded disability status score (EDSS), magnetic-resonance-imaging, and other measures of possible treatment effects were also recorded.
Thirty-four patients underwent lipectomy for AdMSCs collection, were randomized and thirty were infused (11 placebo, 10 low-dose and 9 high-dose); 4 randomized patients were not infused because of karyotype abnormalities in the cell product. Only one serious adverse event was observed in the treatment arms (urinary infection, considered not related to study treatment). No other safety parameters showed changes. Measures of treatment effect showed an inconclusive trend of efficacy.
Infusion of autologous AdMSCs is safe and feasible in patients with SPMS. Larger studies and probably treatment at earlier phases would be needed to investigate the potential therapeutic benefit of this technique.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the widespread soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is currently the most serious disease affecting olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in all ...production areas. An integrated management strategy using eco-friendly approaches such as genetic resistance and biological control is considered the most advisable approach for controlling the disease in commercial olive orchards. This study evaluated a non-pathogenic strain of F. oxysporum (FO12) and the grape marc compost CGR03 for reducing inoculum density of V. dahliae and the disease progress in two olive cultivars with different VWO resistance levels. The experiment was conducted under semi-controlled conditions, using a naturally infested soil with two inoculum densities of V. dahliae. The biocontrol treatments (FO12 and CGR03) were previously selected out of 220 natural products as two of the most effective treatments against the pathogen. FO12 and CGR03 treatments significantly reduced pathogen inoculum density in comparison with that of the control (P = 0.05), with minimum microsclerotium amounts of 0.13 g.sup.-1 for FO12 and 0.53 g.sup.-1 for CGR03, during the experimental period. CGR03 reduced the progression of the disease compared with that in the control (P = 0.05), and FO12 achieved complete control of VWO, since no plants treated with this biological control strain developed VWO symptoms. This study highlights the effectiveness of these biocontrol treatments, and the potential use of ecofriendly approaches for control of VWO. Keywords. Biocontrol agents, Olea europaea, organic amendment, microsclerotia, Verticillium dahliae.
Olive trees are the most cultivated evergreen trees in the Mediterranean Basin, where they have deep historical and socioeconomic roots. The fungus
develops inside the vascular bundles of the host, ...and there are no effective applicable treatments, making it difficult to control the disease. In this sense, the use of integrated disease management, specifically the use of resistant cultivars, is the most effective means to alleviate the serious damage that these diseases are causing and reduce the expansion of this pathogen. In 2008, the University of Cordoba started a project under the UCO Olive Breeding Program whose main objective has been to develop new olive cultivars with high resistance to Verticillium wilt. Since 2008, more than 18,000 genotypes from 154 progenies have been evaluated. Only 19.9% have shown some resistance to the disease in controlled conditions and only 28 have been preselected due to their resistance in field condition and remarkable agronomic characteristics. The results of this study represent an important advancement in the generation of resistant olive genotypes that will become commercial cultivars currently demanded by the olive growing sector. Our breeding program has proven successful, allowing the selection of several new genotypes with high resistance to the disease and agronomical performance. It also highlights the need for long-term field evaluations for the evaluation of resistance and characterization of olive genotypes.
Green waste and wood gasification have been studied through a non-catalytic process. Experiments are conducted at a pilot-scale developed at RAPSODEE Centre to validate the feasibility of producing ...high-quality nitrogen-free syngas. Biomass is first pyrolyzed at 800 °C in a rotary kiln. Then, the volatile matter is cracked and reformed in a non-catalytic tubular reactor. Effects of temperature and gas residence time in the tubular reactor on the process performances are evaluated. The results show that the tar formed in the first stage for each biomass is mainly converted into soot inside the second one. The soot yield has reached 11.5 wt% at 1300 °C with a gas residence time of 10 s. Wood tar appears to have a different suite of compounds than tar from green waste; they probably have different cracking pathways. The wood tar conversion ratio has achieved 98.8% at 1300 °C with a gas residence of 5 s while it reaches only 80.4% for green waste. Under these operating conditions, the lower heating value of syngas is around 11 MJ/Nm3. The syngas obtained is rich in H2 (up to 50 vol%) and CO (up to 35 vol%) and contains CO2 (<10 vol%) and CH4 (< 5 vol%).
It is proposed that this episode is based on folkloric and historical
sources, since starting from a basic argument that it would be a courtesan oral
anecdote collected in The passenger by Cristóbal ...Suárez de Figueroa (1617) on
which Cervantes was able to provide information and historical characters around
autobiographical experiences from Toledo, idea that follows although also amends
previous hypotheses such as those of Rodríguez Marín (1913) and Marañón (1945)
Se propone que este episodio se asienta sobre fuentes folklóricas e históricas, ya que partiendo de un argumento base que sería una anécdota oral cortesana recogida en El Pasajero de Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa (1617) sobre la que Cervantes pudo disponer informaciones y personajes históricos de su ámbito autobiográfico y toledano, idea que sigue y también enmienda hipótesis anteriores como las de Rodríguez Marín (1913) y Marañón (1945).
Abstract
Phonon polariton (PhP) nanoresonators can dramatically enhance the coupling of molecular vibrations and infrared light, enabling ultrasensitive spectroscopies and strong coupling with minute ...amounts of matter. So far, this coupling and the resulting localized hybrid polariton modes have been studied only by far-field spectroscopy, preventing access to modal near-field patterns and dark modes, which could further our fundamental understanding of nanoscale vibrational strong coupling (VSC). Here we use infrared near-field spectroscopy to study the coupling between the localized modes of PhP nanoresonators made of h-BN and molecular vibrations. For a most direct probing of the resonator-molecule coupling, we avoid the direct near-field interaction between tip and molecules by probing the molecule-free part of partially molecule-covered nanoresonators, which we refer to as remote near-field probing. We obtain spatially and spectrally resolved maps of the hybrid polariton modes, as well as the corresponding coupling strengths, demonstrating VSC on a single PhP nanoresonator level. Our work paves the way for near-field spectroscopy of VSC phenomena not accessible by conventional techniques.
•The core collection represents wide variability for verticillium wilt response.•The clustering analysis divided the olive cultivars into resistant and susceptible.•The DNA ratio could point out a ...combination of resistance and tolerance mechanisms.•The resistance/tolerance heritability could increase the cultivar diversity in risky areas.
Understanding the interaction between the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae and olive is one of the major concerns for breeders and plant pathologists due to the wide variability in the disease response observed among cultivars. In this work, 40 representative olive cultivars of The World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba (WOGBC, Spain) and six bred selections of IFAPA breeding program have been evaluated for the infection of the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae under homogeneous conditions. The disease response has been characterized considering different traits of the disease development. Traits such as the relative area under disease progression curve (RAUDPC), the slope of the disease progression curve, the final dead plants and the ratio DNAV.dahliae/DNAolive showed a positive correlation with the susceptible genotypes, whereas the incubation period (IP), the final asymptomatic plants and the survival time were positively correlated to the resistant ones. Nonetheless, the DNA ratio detected in infected plants was highly variable. The clustering analysis considering all these parameters divided the genotypes in resistant and susceptible clusters. Cultivars like ‘Abbadi Abou Gabra’, ‘Abou Salt Mohazam’, ‘Chemlal del Kabylie’, ‘Jabali’, ‘Llumeta’, ‘Majhol-152′, ‘Mastoidis’, ‘Menya’, and ‘Temprano’ resulted extremely susceptible whereas ‘Frantoio’, ‘FrxAr_5′, ‘FrxAr_6′, and ‘KorOp_48′. resulted highly resistant. This study highlights the variability to the Verticillium wilt response of the most representative cultivars of the WOGBC and the relevance of breeding programs developing new cultivars with improved resistance characteristics.
Verticillium wilts caused by
spp. are among the most challenging plant diseases to control and affect numerous hosts worldwide. Due to the lack of effective, conventional control methods, integrated ...control strategies provide a promising approach to manage these diseases. The non-pathogenic
strain FO12 was reported in previous studies to be an effective biocontrol agent against
, however, its mode of action remains to be elucidated. In this study, complementary
and
experiments were conducted in order to explore the implications of inhibitory substances and rhizosphere competence in antagonistic effects of FO12 against
and
. Volatile organic compounds and soluble substances produced by FO12, which caused significant inhibition of mycelial growth and microsclerotia viability in the two tested
species, were identified by means of gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We showed that the antagonistic effect of
FO12 is partially due to the production of bioactive compounds such as 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol, among others. Several metabolic pathways of FO12 were altered upon contact with
ELV22 volatiles. The reduced production of alpha, alpha-trehalose, a metabolite used in starch and sucrose metabolism, suggests that the biocontrol agent activates its stress response in the presence of the phytopathogen. Microscopic analysis using sGFP-tagged FO12 on oil seed rape as a model plant suggests that the biocontrol strain is an efficient root colonizer, which could compete with
in the same ecological niche. The findings obtained in this study provide new insights into the mode of action of this potential biocontrol agent, which are relevant for controlling Verticillium wilt through an ecologically friendly approach.
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