Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of ciliary ultrastructure is classically used for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). We report our extensive experience of TEM analysis ...in a large series of patients in order to evaluate its feasibility and results. TEM analysis performed in 1,149 patients with suspected PCD was retrospectively reviewed. Biopsies (1,450) were obtained from nasal (44%) or bronchial (56%) mucosa in children (66.5%) and adults (33.5%). TEM analysis was feasible in 71.4% of patients and showed a main defect suggestive of PCD in 29.9%. TEM was more feasible in adults than in children, regardless of the biopsy site. Main defects suggestive of PCD were found in 76.9% of patients with sinopulmonary symptoms and in only 0.4% of patients with isolated upper and 0.4% with isolated lower respiratory tract infections. The defect pattern was similar in children and adults, involving dynein arms (81.2%) or central complex (CC) (18.8%). Situs inversus was never observed in PCD patients with CC defect. Kartagener syndrome with normal ciliary ultrastructure was not an exceptional condition (10.2% of PCD). In conclusion, TEM analysis is feasible in most patients and is particularly useful for PCD diagnosis in cases of sinopulmonary syndrome of unknown origin.
Summary
Background
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a rare autoimmune bullous disease predominantly affecting the oral mucosa. Optimal management relies upon thorough clinical assessment and ...documentation at each visit.
Objectives
The primary aim of this study was to validate the Oral Disease Severity Score (ODSS) for the assessment of oral involvement in MMP. We also compared its inter‐ and intraobserver reliability with those of the oral parts of the Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Disease Area Index (MMPDAI), Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA).
Methods
Fifteen patients with mild‐to‐moderately severe oral MMP were scored for disease severity by 10 oral medicine clinicians from four U.K. centres using the ODSS, the oral sections of MMPDAI and ABSIS, and PGA. Two clinicians rescored all patients after 2 h.
Results
In terms of reliability, the interobserver ODSS total score intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0·97, MMPDAI activity 0·59 and damage 0·15, ABSIS total 0·84, and PGA 0·72. The intraobserver ICCs (two observers) for ODSS total were 0·97 and 0·93; for MMPDAI activity 0·93 and 0·70 and damage 0·93 and 0·79; for ABSIS total 0·99 and 0·94; and for PGA 0·92 and 0·94. Convergent validity between ODSS and MMPDAI was good (correlation coefficient 0·88). The mean ± SD time for completion of ODSS was 93 ± 31 s, with MMPDAI 102 ± 24 s and ABSIS involvement 71 ± 18 s. The PGA took < 5 s.
Conclusions
This study has validated the ODSS for the assessment of oral MMP. It has shown superior interobserver agreement over MMPDAI, ABSIS and PGA, and superior intraobserver reliability to MMPDAI. It is quick and easy to perform.
What's already known about this topic?
There are no validated scoring methodologies for oral mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP).
Proposed disease activity scoring tools for MMP include the Mucous Membrane Disease Area Index (MMPDAI) and the Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS).
The Oral Disease Severity Score (ODSS) has been validated for use in oral pemphigus vulgaris (PV). It has been shown to be reliable and sensitive in both lichen planus (LP) and MMP.
What does this study add?
The ODSS has been shown to be a thorough, sensitive and reproducible, yet quick scoring tool for the assessment of oral involvement in MMP.
Its versatility for use in oral PV, MMP and LP is an added advantage over other scoring methodologies.
What are the clinical implications of this work?
We propose that the ODSS be used as a clinical scoring tool for monitoring activity in oral MMP in clinical practice as well as for use in multicentre studies.
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Introduction: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare disease classically transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and characterised by recurrent airway infections due to abnormal ciliary ...structure and function. To date, only two autosomal genes, DNAI1 and DNAH5 encoding axonemal dynein chains, have been shown to cause PCD with defective outer dynein arms. Here, we investigated one non-consanguineous family in which a woman with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) gave birth to two boys with a complex phenotype combining PCD, discovered in early childhood and characterised by partial dynein arm defects, and RP that occurred secondarily. The family history prompted us to search for an X linked gene that could account for both conditions. Results: We found perfect segregation of the disease phenotype with RP3 associated markers (Xp21.1). Analysis of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator gene (RPGR) located at this locus revealed a mutation (631_IVS6+9del) in the two boys and their mother. As shown by study of RPGR transcripts expressed in nasal epithelial cells, this intragenic deletion, which leads to activation of a cryptic donor splice site, predicts a severely truncated protein. Conclusion: These data provide the first clear demonstration of X linked transmission of PCD. This unusual mode of inheritance of PCD in patients with particular phenotypic features (that is, partial dynein arm defects and association with RP), which should modify the current management of families affected by PCD or RP, unveils the importance of RPGR in the proper development of both respiratory ciliary structures and connecting cilia of photoreceptors.
Replantation of a lip thrown in the bin Galmard, L.; Mari, R.; Noyelles, L. ...
Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery,
February 2022, 2022-Feb, 2022-02-00, Letnik:
123, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Management of soft tissue avulsion after facial bites could be challenging in some situation. We presented the case of a 32 years old men suffering from a full thickness avulsion of the left lower ...lip and cheek after a dog bite. Even if the lip fragment was initially put on the bin, a microvascular replantation was performed. The vascularization was based on the left inferior labial artery. No veins were found. We used post-operative leech therapy to avoid venous congestion during 10 days. A large antibiotherapy was conducted. Adaptation of antibiotics blood concentration was also necessary due to the permanent bleeding caused by leech therapy. At the 6 month consultation, the patient recovered an impressive labial function and sensibility. Replantation gives the best functional and esthetical outcomes in these rare and complex cases. Artificial blood drainage, large antibiotic therapy and close post-operative follow-up are significant parts of the replantation success.
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and most severe inherited retinal degeneration. Isolated forms of LCA frequently result from mutation of the CEP290 gene which is expressed in various ...ciliated tissues.
Seven LCA patients with CEP290 mutations were investigated to study otorhinolaryngologic phenotype and respiratory cilia. Nasal biopsies and brushing were performed to study cilia ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy and ciliary beating using high-speed videomicroscopy, respectively. CEP290 expression in normal nasal epithelium was studied using real-time RT-PCR.
When electron microscopy was feasible (5/7), high levels of respiratory cilia defects were detected. The main defects concerned dynein arms, central complex and/or peripheral microtubules. All patients had a rarefaction of ciliated cells and a variable proportion of short cilia. Frequent but moderate and heterogeneous clinical and ciliary beating abnormalities were found. CEP290 was highly expressed in the neural retina and nasal epithelial cells compared with other tissues.
These data provide the first clear demonstration of respiratory cilia ultrastructural defects in LCA patients with CEP290 mutations. The frequency of these findings in LCA patients along with the high expression of CEP290 in nasal epithelium suggest that CEP290 has an important role in the proper development of both the respiratory ciliary structures and the connecting cilia of photoreceptors. The presence of respiratory symptoms in patients could represent additional clinical criteria to direct CEP290 genotyping of patients affected with the genetically heterogeneous cone-rod dystrophy subtype of LCA.
Purpose
Respiratory inflammation has been described in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but it is unknown whether the increased neutrophil and interleukin (IL)-8 levels observed in ...induced sputum reflect systemic or local airway inflammation. We assessed the potential role of resident cells in intermittent hypoxia-induced airway inflammation.
Methods
Airway epithelial cells (AEC) and bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC) were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) in vitro. Cell supernatants were assessed for matrix metalloproteinase, growth factor, and cytokine expression. The role of IH on neutrophil and BSMC migration capacities was evaluated, and the effect of supernatants from IH-exposed or control AEC was tested.
Results
Compared to normoxic conditions, 24 h of exposure to IH induced a significant increase of MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression and pro-MMP-9 activation (
p
< 0.05), and IL-8 (
p
< 0.05), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA (
p
< 0.05), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (
p
< 0.05) expression by AEC and VEGF expression (
p
= 0.04) by BSMC. Neutrophil chemotaxis and BSMC migration were enhanced by IH and supernatants of IH-exposed AEC (112.00 ± 4.80 versus 0.69 ± 0.43 %,
p
= 0.0053 and 247 ± 76 versus 21 ± 23,
p
= 0.009 respectively). This enhanced BSMC migration was totally abolished in the presence of an antibody blocking PDGF-AA.
Conclusions
These data suggest a specific inflammatory response of airway cells to IH, independently of systemic events.
Background:
Nasal polyposis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the upper airways, is a valuable and accessible model to investigate the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation. The main ...objective of this study was to investigate a potential involvement of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the context of oxidative stress and inflammation in nasal epithelial cells from nasal polyps (NP).
Methods:
Epithelial cells from NP (n = 20) and normal mucosa (Controls, n = 15) in primary culture were analyzed by global proteomic approach and cell biology techniques for the glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), the spliced X‐box‐binding protein 1 (sXBP‐1), the glucose‐regulated protein 94 (GRP94), and the calreticulin (immunoblot, mass spectrometry, immunocytochemistry).
Results:
Proteomics analysis of human nasal epithelial cells in culture revealed the activation of the unfolded protein response in NP. Systematic cell biology and biochemical analysis of two markers (GRP78, sXBP‐1) in the presence and absence of oxidative stress in NP showed a susceptibility of the unfolded protein response to oxidative stress compared to controls at least partially linked to an abnormal redox state of the protein disulfide‐isomerase 4. This unfolded protein response was correlated with mitochondrial depolarization and secretion of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and was prevented by mitochondrial antioxidant.
Conclusions:
We show the existence of UPR in nasal epithelial cells that is linked to oxidative stress leading to IL‐8 and LTB4 secretions. These mechanisms may participate in chronic inflammation in nasal polyposis.
In vivo, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present at the site of airway injury are thought to contribute to epithelial wound repair. As TGF-β1 can modulate MMP ...expression and MMPs play an important role in wound repair, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 may enhance airway epithelial repair via MMPs secreted by epithelial cells. We evaluated the in vitro influence of TGF-β1 on wound repair in human airway epithelial cells cultured under conditions allowing differentiation. The results showed that TGF-β1 accelerated in vitro airway wound repair, whereas MMP inhibitors prevented this acceleration. In parallel, we examined the effect of TGF-β1 on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. TGF-β1 induced a dramatic increase of MMP-2 expression with an increased steady-state level of MMP-2 mRNA, contrasting with a slight increase in MMP-9 expression. To confirm the role of MMP-2, we subsequently evaluated the effect of MMP-2 on in vitro airway wound repair and demonstrated that the addition of MMP-2 reproduced the acceleration of wound repair induced by TGF-β1. These results strongly suggest that TGF-β1 increases in vitro airway wound repair via MMP-2 upregulation. It also raises the issue of a different in vivo biological role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 depending on the cytokine microenvironment.
Background: Epithelial damage and modifications of cell differentiation are frequent in airway diseases with chronic inflammation, in which transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) plays an important ...role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differentiation of human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) after wound healing and the potential effects of TGF‐β1.
Methods: Basal, mucus, and ciliated cells were characterized by cytokeratin‐14, MUC5AC, and βIV tubulin immunodetection, respectively. Their expression was evaluated in situ in nasal polyps and in an in vitro model of wound healing in primary cultures of HNEC after wound closure, under basal conditions and after TGF‐β1 supplementation. Using RT‐PCR, the effects of TGF‐β1 on MUC5AC and DNAI1 genes, specifically transcribed in mucus and ciliated cells, were evaluated.
Results: In situ, high TGF‐β1 expression was associated with low MUC5AC and βIV tubulin expression. In vitro, under basal conditions, MUC5AC expression remained stable, cytokeratin‐14 expression was strong and decreased with time, while βIV tubulin expression increased. Transforming growth factor‐β1 supplementation downregulated MUC5AC and βIV tubulin expression as well as MUC5AC and DNAI1 transcripts.
Conclusion: After a wound, differentiation into mucus and ciliated cells was possible and partially inhibited in vitro by TGF‐β1, a cytokine that may be involved in epithelial remodeling observed in chronic airway diseases.
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