Context. Since its launch, the Fermi satellite has firmly identified 5 pulsar wind nebulae plus a large number of candidates, all powered by young and energetic pulsars. HESS J1857 + 026 is a ...spatially extended γ-ray source detected by H.E.S.S. and classified as a possible pulsar wind nebula candidate powered by PSR J1856 + 0245. Aims. We search for γ-ray pulsations from PSR J1856+0245 and explore the characteristics of its associated pulsar wind nebula. Methods. Using a rotational ephemeris obtained from the Lovell telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory at 1.5 GHz, we phase-fold 36 months of γ-ray data acquired by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard Fermi. We also perform a complete γ-ray spectral and morphological analysis. Results. No γ-ray pulsations were detected from PSR J1856+0245. However, significant emission is detected at a position coincident with the TeV source HESS J1857 + 026. The γ-ray spectrum is well described by a simple power-law with a spectral index of Γ = 1.53 ± 0.11stat ± 0.55syst and an energy flux of G(0.1–100 GeV) = (2.71 ± 0.52stat ± 1.51syst) × 10-11 erg cm-2 s-1. The γ-ray luminosity is LPWNγ (0.1–100 GeV)=(2.5 ± 0.5stat ± 1.5syst) × 1035 (d/9 kpc)2 erg s-1, assuming a distance of 9 kpc. This implies a γ-ray efficiency of ~5% for Ė = 4.6 × 1036 erg s-1, in the range expected for pulsar wind nebulae. Detailed multi-wavelength modeling provides new constraints on its pulsar wind nebula nature.
Abstract Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a ...disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.
Resumo A riqueza ambiental é a principal base do desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico de um país, todavia, se não houver a valorização desses recursos naturais, pode levar a um usufruto desproporcional que causa a deterioração do ecossistema e até mesmo efeitos colaterais da saúde humana. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer o valor econômico total do ecossistema da alta bacia hidrográfica andina afluente do rio Chumbao, localizado entre 2.000 e 4.800 metros acima do nível do mar pertencente à província de Andahuaylas, região de Apurimac no Peru. O procedimento de avaliação consistiu na utilização do método analítico de avaliação multicritério aplicando o conceito de Valor Econômico Total, que envolveu usos diretos e indiretos relacionados a ativos ambientais, no qual participou um painel coletivo de pessoas de diferentes disciplinas de formação (especialistas), composta por pesquisadores, engenheiros, funcionários públicos, agricultores e ecologistas que possuíam amplo conhecimento sobre o bem ambiental. da área geográfica em referência; e uma vez feito o levantamento de comparação pareada, o valor econômico total foi quantificado em até três valores, de forma que os respondentes foram divididos em três segmentos estatisticamente significativos (SIG < 0,05). O cluster (1): atribuído um peso que quantifica a um valor econômico de US$ 4.359.179.489,46; seguido pelo cluster (2): um valor intermediário de US$ 4.029.902.444,41 e cluster (3): atribuiu um valor inferior a US$ 774.163.167,16. Assim, conclui-se que, em média, 51,78% equivalem a valor em uso e 48,21% equivalem a valor em não uso, respectivamente. Este valor expresso como um intervalo reflete as posições éticas ambientais dos grupos e disponibiliza como um indicador para as autoridades governamentais e a sociedade a fim de exercer ações de sustentabilidade ambiental alto andino.
The water availability at early phenological stages is critical for crop establishment and sugarcane varieties show differential performance under drought. Herein, we evaluated the relative ...importance of morphological and physiological plasticity of young sugarcane plants grown under water deficit, testing the hypothesis that high phenotypic plasticity is associated with drought tolerance. IACSP95-5000 is a high yielding genotype and IACSP94-2094 has good performance under water limiting environments. Plants were grown in rhizotrons for 35 days under three water availabilities: high (soil water matric potential Ψ
higher than -20 kPa); intermediate (Ψ
reached -65 and -90 kPa at the end of experimental period) and low (Ψ
reached values lower than -150 kPa). Our data revealed that morphological and physiological responses of sugarcane to drought are dependent on genotype and intensity of water deficit. In general, IACSP95-5000 showed higher physiological plasticity given by leaf gas exchange and photochemical traits, whereas IACSP94-2094 showed higher morphological plasticity determined by changes in leaf area (LA) and specific LA. As IACSP94-2094 accumulated less biomass than IACSP95-5000 under varying water availability, it is suggested that high morphological plasticity does not always represent an effective advantage to maintain plant growth under water deficit. In addition, our results revealed that sugarcane varieties face water deficit using distinct strategies based on physiological or morphological changes. When the effectiveness of those changes in maintaining plant growth under low water availability is taken into account, our results indicate that the physiological plasticity is more important than the morphological one in young sugarcane plants.
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety ...quiñequeli, four variables were measured: plant height, biomass weight, grass weight and root weight. The treatments were T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% and T4: 40% of Rhizobium before germination and Gibberellin T0: 0g, T1: 2.4g; T2: 3.3g; T3: 4.3 and T4: 5.3g each treatment with 6 repetitions, three applications on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of growth. Data were analyzed with DCA, ANOVA and DUNCAN's multiple comparisons test; the results obtained were: first measurement with rhizobium without gibberellin there were no statistical differences, second and third measurement with Gibberellin application did not present statistical differences and the fourth measurement presented statistical difference (α=0.05), average height of the plant with a mean of 12.82 cm, T4 was higher, in biomass a statistical difference was obtained with a mean of 3.056 kg, T3 was higher, weight of grass and root did not present statistical differences; concluding that the use of rhizobium and gibberellin could be a usable alternative in the production of hydroponic green fodder, to alleviate the problems of fodder scarcity in dry season, its use being recommended in high Andean livestock.
Aim of the study was to describe characteristics and outcomes of Hartmann's procedure (HP) and subsequent intestinal restoration.
Retrospective study including all patients who underwent HP over a ...period of 16 consecutive years. We propose a classification and regression tree for a more accurate view of the relationship between the variables related to intestinal restoration and their weighting in the decision to reverse HP.
533 patients were included. Overall morbidity rate of HP was 53.5% and mortality 21.0%. Overall morbidity of the intestinal continuity reconstruction was 47.3% and mortality 0.9%. Patients with a benign disease, aged under 69 years and with low comorbidity, had an 84.4% probability of undergoing intestinal reconstruction.
HP is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Restoration of intestinal continuity involves minor, but frequent, morbidity and a low mortality rate. Age and comorbidities can decrease, and even override, the decision to reverse HP.
•Hartmann's procedure is still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.•The most frequent cause of death along the follow-up period after a Hartmann's procedure was unrelated to the process.•Restoration of intestinal continuity involves minor, but frequent, morbidity and a low mortality rate.•Over recent years a trend to perform less Hartmann's procedure and more intestinal continuity restorations can be observed.•Patients under 69 years with low comorbidity and benign disease had the highest probability of intestinal reconstruction.
Background
Controversy exists regarding the optimal mode of delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects.
Objective
To compare neurological outcomes among infants with open neural tube defects ...who underwent vaginal compared with caesarean delivery.
Search strategy
Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched from inception to November 2017.
Selection criteria
Eligible studies included observational or randomised studies comparing vaginal and caesarean delivery in pregnancies with fetal open neural tube defects who did not undergo prenatal repair.
Data collection and analysis
Two reviewers independently reviewed s and full‐text articles. Outcomes were compared between vaginal and caesarean delivery and prelabour caesarean versus exposure to labour. The primary outcome was motor–anatomic level difference. Secondary outcomes included shunt requirement, sac disruption, meningitis, and ambulation at 2 years. Meta‐analysis was performed and mean difference or odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated.
Main results
Of 201 s identified in the primary search, nine studies (672 women) met the eligibility criteria. Comparing vaginal and caesarean delivery, there was no significant difference in motor–anatomic level difference (mean difference –0.10, 95% CI −0.58 to 0.38; I2 = 57%). The vaginal delivery group was less likely to require a shunt or have sac disruption odds ratio (OR) 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–0.95 and OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23–0.90, respectively. Comparisons by prelabour caesarean versus exposure to labour showed no significant difference in motor–anatomic level difference (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.63–3.21) or ambulation at 2 years (OR 2.13, 95% CI 0.35–13.12).
Conclusion
Caesarean delivery was not associated with improved neurological outcomes among fetuses with open neural tube defects.
Tweetable
Available evidence does not support routine caesarean delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects.
Tweetable
Available evidence does not support routine caesarean delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects.
•Adults with electrical injuries demonstrated worse physical functioning at 24 months post-injury than those with fire/flame injuries.•Adults with electrical injuries were nearly half as likely to be ...employed at 24 months post-injury than those with fire/flame injuries.•Results suggest a need for examination of return to work, work accommodations and performance at work following electrical injuries.
Electrical injuries exhibit significant acute and long-term sequelae. Amputation and neurological deficits are common in electrical injury survivors. There is a paucity of information on the long-term outcomes of this population. Therefore, this study examines the long-term outcomes of electrical injuries by comparing them to fire/flame injuries.
Data from the Burn Model System National Database collected between 1996 and 2015 was examined. Demographic and clinical characteristics for adult burn survivors with electrical and fire/flame injuries were compared. Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Short Form-12 Physical Composite Score (SF-12 PCS), Short Form-12 Mental Composite Score (SF-12 MCS), and employment status were examined at 24 months post-injury. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess differences in outcome measures between groups, controlling for demographic and clinical variables.
A total of 1147 adult burn survivors (111 with electrical injuries; 1036 with fire/flame injuries) were included in this study. Persons with electrical injuries were more likely to be male and injured at work (p<0.001). SF-12 PCS scores were significantly worse for survivors with electrical injuries at 24 months post-injury than survivors with fire/flame injuries (p<0.01). Those with electrical injuries were nearly half as likely to be employed at 24 months post-injury than those with fire/flame injuries (p=0.002). There were no significant differences in SWLS and SF-12 MCS between groups.
Adult survivors with electrical injuries reported worse physical health and were less likely to be employed at 24 months post-injury compared to survivors with fire/flame injuries. A more detailed understanding of return to work barriers and work accommodations is merited for the electrical injury population. Furthermore, the results of this study should inform future resource allocation for the physical health and employment needs of this population.
The development and establishment of oral squamous cell carcinoma are confined to carcinogenesis, which involves oxidative stress via oxygen-free radical production as a hydroxyl radical (HO•), ...considered the most important cause of oxidative damage to basic biomolecules since it targets DNA strands. 8-Hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is considered a free radical with a promutagenic capacity due to its ability to pair with adenosine instead of cytosine during replication.
We collected 30 paraffin-embedded tissue samples of OSCC from patients treated between 2013 and 2018. We recorded risk habits, disease stage, disease free survival and death with at least 3 years of follow-up. 8-Hydroxyguanosine was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and subsequently classified as weak-moderate or strong positive expression. Additionally, we noted whether it was expressed in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus.
Most of the cases expressed 8-OHdG with a strong intensity (80%). All neoplastic cells were preferentially stained in only the cytoplasm (70.0%), but nuclear positivity was found in 30%, independent of the intensity. Based on the location in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus, tumors >4 cm showed a high frequency (95.5%) of 8-OHdG expression in only the cytoplasm, with a significant difference (p value 0.001). Additionally, overall survival was affected when immunoexpression was present in the cytoplasm and nucleus because all deaths were in this group were statistically significant (p value = 0.001).
All tumors showed DNA oxidative damage, and 8-OHdG was preferentially expressed in the cytoplasm. This finding was associated with tumor size and, when present in the nucleus, might also be related to death.
For activated sludge modeling purposes, the methods used to evaluate the readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (RBCOD) in the influents are by biological or via physicochemical assays. ...However, there has not been sufficient wide comparison between these methods. The main goal of this study was to investigate the performance of the main chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation protocols, considering a representative wastewater in the context of tropical and developing countries. Different physicochemical characterization procedures, respirometric tests, and chemical analyses were performed. The fate of the soluble COD in the aeration tanks was studied. The results of the study showed that a marked difference may exist, in municipal wastewaters, between the estimates of the RBCOD fractions measured by respirometry and by any of the physicochemical methods. The evaluated influent showed a rather large fraction of COD that was passing the filters without being rapidly biodegradable, but which was removed quickly by enmeshment in the bioflocs. The consequences of such divergences and behavior are discussed.
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