Neither immunization nor recovery from natural infection provides life-long protection against Bordetella pertussis. Replacement of a whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine with an acellular pertussis ...(aP) vaccine, mutations in B. pertussis strains, and better diagnostic techniques, contribute to resurgence of number of cases especially in young infants. Development of new immunization strategies relies on a comprehensive understanding of immune system responses to infection and immunization and how triggering these immune components would ensure protective immunity. In this review, we assess how B cells, and their secretory products, antibodies, respond to B. pertussis infection, current and novel vaccines and highlight similarities and differences in these responses. We first focus on antibody-mediated immunity. We discuss antibody (sub)classes, elaborate on antibody avidity, ability to neutralize pertussis toxin, and summarize different effector functions, i.e. ability to activate complement, promote phagocytosis and activate NK cells. We then discuss challenges and opportunities in studying B-cell immunity. We highlight shared and unique aspects of B-cell and plasma cell responses to infection and immunization, and discuss how responses to novel immunization strategies better resemble those triggered by a natural infection (i.e., by triggering responses in mucosa and production of IgA). With this comprehensive review, we aim to shed some new light on the role of B cells and antibodies in the pertussis immunity to guide new vaccine development.
•Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone pass the placenta.•R-CHOP during pregnancy might profoundly affect the developing immune system of exposed infants.•B cell ...lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and decreased response to vaccination are reported.•Immune monitoring of exposed infants is warranted.
The immunomodulating chemotherapeutic drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) have the ablity to pass the placenta during pregnancy and might affect the development of the immune system of exposed infants. In particular rituximab causes a transient and almost complete depletion of CD20 expressing B cells and can remain detectable in the infant several months after birth.
In this case series we report on the clinical and immunological outcomes of 3 infants exposed to R-CHOP during pregnancy because of maternal B-cell lymphoma and review other cases that have been published. We show that R-CHOP in pregnancy has a profound effect on the immune system in the first year of life, including B-cell lymphopenia, hypogammaglobinemia, neutropenia and decreased response to immunization. Immune monitoring of exposed infants is warranted.
Low Sensitivity of BinaxNOW RSV in Infants Zuurbier, Roy P; Bont, Louis J; Langedijk, Annefleur C ...
The Journal of infectious diseases,
10/2020, Letnik:
222, Številka:
Supplement_7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalization in infants. Early detection of RSV can optimize clinical management and minimize use of antibiotics. BinaxNOW ...RSV (BN) is a rapid antigen detection test that is widely used. We aimed to validate the sensitivity of BN in hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants against the gold standard of molecular diagnosis.
Methods
We evaluated the performance of BN in infants with acute respiratory tract infections with different degrees of disease severity. Diagnostic accuracy of BN test results were compared with molecular diagnosis as reference standard.
Results
One hundred sixty-two respiratory samples from 148 children from October 2017 to February 2019 were studied. Sixty-six (40.7%) samples tested positive for RSV (30 hospitalizations, 31 medically attended episodes not requiring hospitalization, and 5 nonmedically attended episodes). Five of these samples tested positive with BN, leading to an overall sensitivity of BN of 7.6% (95% confidence interval CI, 3.3%–16.5%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 96.2%–100%). Sensitivity was low in all subgroups.
Conclusions
We found a low sensitivity of BN for point-of-care detection of RSV infection. BinaxNOW RSV should be used and interpreted with caution.
The sensitivity of DNA-repair-deficient
Rad54/
Rad54B mice for clastogens was studied and compared to that of wild-type mice.
LacZ mutant frequencies (MF) in
Rad54/
Rad54B mice, after treatment with ...mitomycin C (MMC), bleomycin (BLM) and γ-irradiation, were compared to those of the wild-type mice following the same treatments. While none of the clastogens showed an induction of the
lacZ MF in the wild-type mice, there was a significant increase of the
lacZ MF in the bone marrow of the
Rad54/
Rad54B mice after treatment with BLM and γ-irradiation and in the spleen after MMC treatment. As expected, the positive control ENU showed a significant increase in the
lacZ MF in all tested organs in wild-type mice. Mutant colonies were hybridized with total mouse DNA in order to discriminate between small gene mutations and large DNA rearrangements and translocations (size-change mutations). The hybridization studies showed a significant increase in mouse DNA positive clones 4 days after treatment with MMC and BLM in the bone marrow of the wild-type mice, which is indicative for chromosomal rearrangements and translocations to occur. An even more pronounced increase was seen 28 days after treatment with the same compounds in the
Rad54/
Rad54B mice.
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