At the moment, the problem of climate change associated with greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere is one of the most urgent in society. The article notes that over the past decades, ...in order to address issues related to the global climate agenda, economic liability mechanisms for emitters of greenhouse gases have been developed and improved. One of the innovations is the adoption by the European Parliament in 2021 of a mechanism for cross-border regulation through the introduction of an additional fee on goods that emit a large amount of GHG during the production process. At the international and national levels, a number of agreements and legislative acts have been adopted aimed at reducing emissions of climate-active gases and a number of organizations have been created dealing with issues in the field of carbon regulation. The paper presents a retrospective of the main documents aimed at regulating GHG emissions adopted in the Russian Federation. The authors have considered the fundamentals of methodological support of carbon regulation. It is shown that in order to determine the value of the full carbon footprint of economic and other activities, it is necessary to take into account the emission of greenhouse gases at all stages of the life cycle of products and services. The article talks about the existence of methods or software products, in addition to official ones, that allow calculating the carbon footprint of each person. It is noted that at the national level, the scope of mandatory accounting does not include GHG emissions associated with the company’s activities, but generated outside the territory of the reporting organization, which does not allow to estimate the actual value of the carbon load.
Oral cancer is considered widely to be a form of cancer whose etiology is well understood and which is becoming relatively rare in developed countries. There have been, however, a series of recent ...reports indicating that after many years of declining risk, the rates may be rising again in men. To investigate the extent of such changes, national time-series of oral-cancer mortality data available in the World Health Organization's mortality database have been analyzed. Age-period-cohort modeling was used to establish the extent and nature of these changes and to allow comparisons among countries. Nineteen out of 24 national datasets demonstrate a similar pattern of recent increasing cohort-effects for oral cancer in men. The largest increases have occurred in countries of central and eastern Europe where rates have increased by a factor of from three to 10 within a generation. The cohort-based nature of the changes observed in men suggest that there will be a continuing increase in the absolute numbers of cases of oral cancer to be treated in the coming decades.
A case-control study of oral cancer was conducted in Beijing, People's Republic of China to examine the association between dietary nutrient intake and risk of oral cancer, both in terms of estimated ...intake of nutrients and micro-nutrients, and in terms of specific foods and food groups. The study was hospital-based and controls were hospital in-patients matched for age and sex with the cases. The response rate for cases and controls was 100% and 404 case/control pairs were interviewed. The results suggest that increased protein and fat intake are related to a decreased risk of oral cancer. Carbohydrate intake, however, showed a moderate increased risk for oral cancer. Total carotene intake and carotene intake from fruits and vegetables are inversely associated with risk of oral cancer. A similar pattern was observed for dietary vitamin C intake. Dietary fibre derived from fruits and vegetables showed a strong negative association with oral cancer risk, but fibre derived from other sources did not exhibit any protective effect. At the level of foods and food groups, increased consumption of fresh meat, chicken and liver was significantly associated with a reduction in oral cancer risk: the tests for trend were all statistically significant at the P < 0.01 level. Consumption of common carp, hairtail, shrimp and lobster were also associated with decreased risk. Risk was found to increase with increasing consumption of millet and corn bread (P < 0.01) but to decrease with increasing consumption of rice (P < 0.01). Increased consumption of grapes, bananas, oranges, tangerines, peaches and pears were associated with reduced risk.
Slovakia currently has one of the highest incidence rates of oral cancer in Europe. Incidence data from the Slovakian Cancer Registry relating to oropharyngeal cancer are analyzed for the period ...1968-1989 to examine trends in the incidence of these malignancies, representing the first such reported time-series from Central Europe. Over this period, rates in males have increased from 4.5 per 100,000 in 1968-1970 to 17.9 per 100,000 in 1987-1989, with more marked increases noted amongst middle-aged males (35 to 64 years), among whom rates have increased from 6.8 to 47.9 per 100,000 over the same period. Rates in women have been relatively low and stable. Changes in rates in men follow a period during the 1950s and 1960s when there was a marked increase in alcohol and tobacco consumption. The magnitude of the increases have resulted in oropharyngeal cancer becoming an important public health problem in Slovakia and emphasizes the importance of measures to prevent further increases in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol.
There have been recent reports of substantial increases occurring in the incidence of and/or mortality from tongue and mouth cancers in several countries. In this paper using data from Scotland ...(1960-89) we report on time trends in pharyngeal cancer. Similar increases in rates are evident for cancers of the oropharynx and hypopharynx while there has been little change in the occurrence of nasopharyngeal cancer (which has distinct aetiological factors). It therefore seems that reported changes in the incidence of and mortality from oral cancer may be real, and in Scotland, this is most probably due to changes in alcohol consumption.
Cancer of the oral cavity is an important contributor to the overall international cancer burden, especially in the developing countries. Smoking cessation, moderation of alcohol consumption, and ...increased consumption of fruits, and probably vegetables, have been identified by epidemiologic studies as three actions that could lead to the prevention of approximately three fourths of cases in Western countries. Similar effects could be brought about in developing countries through cessation of cigarette smoking and, where appropriate, betel quid chewing and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Since this disease is increasing in frequency in many countries, it is important to implement these health education messages. A similar situation holds true for larynx cancer. Clearly many head and neck cancers are preventable and it is worth repeating that prevention should become an epidemiologic priority. There are exciting prospects of effective chemoprevention opportunities in head and neck cancer, with a number of compounds having activity. Further developments in this important area are awaited.
Background: As part of a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Moscow the relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and risk of breast cancer was assessed. Design: The study ...comprised 92 cases and 110 controls. Cases were newly diagnosed consecutive cases seen at the breast clinic of the Cancer Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences during the year 1990. None of the patients had been previously treated for breast or other cancers and none had distant metastases. Patient were interviewed in the Clinic within two days of admission. Controls were recruited from women visiting their friends and relatives treated in the same Cancer Centre. Results: Four levels of frequency of use of butter and vegetable oils, and four levels for combined sources were created to evaluate the association between use of fat in seasoning and breast cancer risk. Compared to low use, a non-significant increase in risk was observed for the highest intake of butter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.8, 3.0)). High frequency of use of vegetable oil in seasoning decreased the risk of breast cancer. For the highest category of use, the adjusted OR was 0.2 (95% CI (0.1, 0.5)). Frequent use of mayonnaise also appeared to be associated with a decrease in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.01, 0.4)). For total fat seasoning consumption (vegetable oil + mayonnaise), the adjusted OR for highest category of intake was 0.1 (95% CI (0.03, 0.3)). Conclusions: The results of the study suggest a negative association between consumption of fat used for seasoning (except butter) and breast cancer risk. This may be a direct effect or due to increased consumption of salad-type vegetables by high consumers of these sources of fats. The topic should be addressed in other studies in different populations.
Oral cancer incidence and/or mortality has been reported to be currently increasing in several countries, particularly those of central and eastern Europe. Most of these reports pertain to men, ...although increases in incidence among women also have been found. In this report, data from twenty-four countries in the World Health Organization's mortality database are analyzed. The widespread increase observed in oral cancer mortality among men is not occurring in women. Nevertheless, increases have occurred in several countries in Europe, and oral-cancer death rates--especially in central and eastern Europe--are likely to increase further if tobacco smoking, in particular, becomes more popular among younger women.
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