Alcohol is a risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast, whereas its impact on other cancers remains controversial.
We investigated ...the effect of alcohol on 23 cancer types through a meta-analytic approach. We used dose-response meta-regression models and investigated potential sources of heterogeneity.
A total of 572 studies, including 486 538 cancer cases, were identified. Relative risks (RRs) for heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers and occasional drinkers were 5.13 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 4.95 for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 1.44 for colorectal, 2.65 for laryngeal and 1.61 for breast cancer; for those neoplasms there was a clear dose-risk relationship. Heavy drinkers also had a significantly higher risk of cancer of the stomach (RR 1.21), liver (2.07), gallbladder (2.64), pancreas (1.19) and lung (1.15). There was indication of a positive association between alcohol consumption and risk of melanoma and prostate cancer. Alcohol consumption and risk of Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were inversely associated.
Alcohol increases risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast. There is accumulating evidence that alcohol drinking is associated with some other cancers such as pancreas and prostate cancer and melanoma.
Summary
Plant‐based dietary interventions have been proposed to reduce obesity induced chronic low‐grade inflammation and hence prevent chronic disease risk; however, human evidence remains unclear. ...This systematic review and meta‐analysis of intervention trials aimed to assess the effect of plant‐based diets on obesity‐related inflammatory biomarker profiles. Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for articles published until January 2016 and mean differences in biomarkers of inflammatory status were assessed for: C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐ɑ), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Of initially identified 2,583 publications, 29 met the meta‐analysis inclusion criteria a total of 2,689 participants. Consumption of plant‐based diets was associated with a reduction in the mean concentrations of the following biomarkers: CRP effect size, −0.55 mg/l, 95% confidence intervals (CI): −0.78; −0.32, I2 = 94.4%, IL‐6 effect size, −0.25 ng/l, 95% CI: −0.56; 0.06, I2 = 74%, and, to some degree, sICAM (−25.07 ng/ml 95% CI: −52.32; 2.17, I2 = 93.2%). No substantial effects were revealed for TNF‐ɑ, resistin, adiponectin and leptin. Plant‐based diets are associated with an improvement in obesity‐related inflammatory profiles and could provide means for therapy and prevention of chronic disease risk.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that alcohol consumption is related to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, several issues remain unresolved, including quantification of ...the association for light (≤1 drink/day) and moderate (2–3 drinks/day) alcohol drinking, investigation of the dose–response relationship, and potential heterogeneity of effects by sex, colorectal site, and geographical region.
Twenty-seven cohort and 34 case–control studies presenting results for at least three categories of alcohol intake were identified from a PubMed search of articles published before May 2010. The summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated by the random effects model. Second-order fractional polynomials and random effects meta-regression models were used for modeling the dose–risk relation.
The RRs were 1.21 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.28 for moderate and 1.52 (95% CI 1.27–1.81) for heavy (≥4 drinks/day) alcohol drinking. The RR for moderate drinkers, compared with non-/occasional drinkers, was stronger for men (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13–1.37) than for women (RR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.03–1.13; Pheterogeneity = 0.02). For heavy drinkers, the association was stronger in Asian studies (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.33–2.46; Pheterogeneity = 0.04). The dose–risk analysis estimated RRs of 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10), 1.38 (95% CI 1.28–1.50), and 1.82 (95% CI 1.41–2.35) for 10, 50, and 100 g/day of alcohol, respectively.
This meta-analysis provides strong evidence for an association between alcohol drinking of >1 drink/day and colorectal cancer risk.
► Nitride coatings were formed on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by thermodiffusion saturation. ► Nitrides improve corrosion resistance of alloy in Ringer’s solution at 36 and 40°С. ► Corrosion resistance increases ...with increase of TiN phase in nitride coating. ► Corrosion resistance is determined significantly by quality of nitride coating.
The corrosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with nitride coatings was investigated in Ringer’s solution at 36 and 40°С. Nitride coatings of different composition, thickness and surface quality were formed because of changing nitrogen partial pressure from 1 to 105Ра and nitriding temperature from 850 to 900°С. Results shown that nitride coatings improve anticorrosion properties of alloy at both solution temperatures. Corrosion resistance of alloy increases with the content increase of TiN phase in nitride coating. With increase of temperature from 36 to 40°С the corrosion resistance of alloy is determined significantly by quality of nitride coating.
There is convincing evidence that alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer of the colorectum, breast, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity and pharynx. Most of the data derive from studies ...that focused on the effect of moderate/high alcohol intakes, while little is known about light alcohol drinking (up to 1 drink/day).
We evaluated the association between light drinking and cancer of the colorectum, breast, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity and pharynx, through a meta-analytic approach. We searched epidemiological studies using PubMed, ISI Web of Science and EMBASE, published before December 2010.
We included 222 articles comprising ∼92 000 light drinkers and 60 000 non-drinkers with cancer. Light drinking was associated with the risk of oropharyngeal cancer relative risk, RR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.29, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (RR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.09–1.56) and female breast cancer (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.08). We estimated that ∼5000 deaths from oropharyngeal cancer, 24 000 from esophageal SCC and 5000 from breast cancer were attributable to light drinking in 2004 worldwide. No association was found for colorectum, liver and larynx tumors.
Light drinking increases the risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus and female breast.
We present characteristics of near-surface layers of d-elements from group IV (titanium, zirconium, and hafnium) after diffusion saturation from a controlled oxygen-containing gas medium (
T
= 750°C, ...τ = 5 h under
P
= 1.33·10
–1
Pa, 1.33·10
–2
Pa, and 1.33·10
–3
Pa). It is shown that a hardened diffusion layer without phase film whose hardness is higher than the hardness of the metal matrix is formed in the order inverse to the order of the affinities for oxygen. The differences in the outward appearance of the surfaces of samples prior to and after heat treatment are demonstrated.
We present the characteristics of samples of Zr–1%Nb alloy cut out from fuel cladding tubes saturated with hydrogen. The samples are preliminarily treated, namely, oxidized at
T
= 580°С and
P
= 1.33 ...Pа for τ = 3 h and nitrided at
T
= 580°C and
P
N2
= 10
5
Pa for τ = 9 h. A part of samples was subjected to tensile loading (0.8σ
T
). In the as-delivered state and after oxidation or nitriding, no differences were detected in the character of changes in the curves of hydrogen release in the course of heating as compared with samples loaded (0.8σ
T
) immediately prior to saturation. We established an insignificant increase in the yield limit and ultimate strength of the material with preservation of the level of plasticity of the material.
We study the influence of liquid-metal media of lead and the eutectic lead–bismuth mixture on the mechanical properties of chromium and chromium–nickel steels of ferritic (Fe–11Cr) and austenitic ...(Kh18N10Т) classes under uniaxial tension within the range 350–600°С. For the Fe–11Cr (SUH 409L) steel, the maximum decrease in plasticity down to 14% was recorded in lead at 450°С. For Kh18N10Т austenitic steel, in the entire temperature range of the tests, the value of the coefficient of influence of the medium exceeds 1, i.e., the level of plasticity in the investigated media is higher than in vacuum and, hence, steel is not embrittled under static uniaxial tensile loading in liquid-metal media.
We study the corrosion resistance of high-entropy alloys of the Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni system in lead melts at 480°С in testing for up to 1000 h. It is shown that the compatibility of these alloys with melts is ...determined by the processes of dissolution of chromium, nickel, and manganese in lead and the diffusion of oxygen from the melt. It is demonstrated that the dispersion hardening with radiation-resistant oxides Y
2
O
3
and ZrO
2
strongly increases their corrosion resistance.
The corrosion behavior of ferritic (Fe-11Cr) and austenitic (Fe-18Cr) steels has been investigated in static liquid lead containing 5 × 10
–7
wt.% oxygen at 550°C and exposure up to 1000 h. It was ...determined that corrosion damage of surface layers occurs along grain boundaries. This is accompanied by etching of grain boundaries and penetration of liquid lead into the matrix, with simultaneous dissolution of the main alloying elements (Ni, Cr, and Mn) of the steels. It was established that the applied loads accelerated the corrosion processes in the contact of the steels with liquid lead. The austenitic steel showed better corossion resistance under loads than did the ferritic steel.
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