•AGRICOH analyzed cancer incidence in >248,000 agricultural workers from 6 countries.•Cancer overall occurred less in agricultural workers than in the general population.•An excess was found for ...multiple myeloma, melanoma of the skin, and prostate cancer.•Direction of risk was largely consistent across cohorts with a few deviations.•A large deficit of larynx and lung cancers was observed in nearly all cohorts.
Agricultural work can expose workers to potentially hazardous agents including known and suspected carcinogens. This study aimed to evaluate cancer incidence in male and female agricultural workers in an international consortium, AGRICOH, relative to their respective general populations.
The analysis included eight cohorts that were linked to their respective cancer registries: France (AGRICAN: n = 128,101), the US (AHS: n = 51,165, MESA: n = 2,177), Norway (CNAP: n = 43,834), Australia (2 cohorts combined, Australian Pesticide Exposed Workers: n = 12,215 and Victorian Grain Farmers: n = 919), Republic of Korea (KMCC: n = 8,432), and Denmark (SUS: n = 1,899). For various cancer sites and all cancers combined, standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each cohort using national or regional rates as reference rates and were combined by random-effects meta-analysis.
During nearly 2,800,000 person-years, a total of 23,188 cancers were observed. Elevated risks were observed for melanoma of the skin (number of cohorts = 3, meta-SIR = 1.18, CI: 1.01–1.38) and multiple myeloma (n = 4, meta-SIR = 1.27, CI: 1.04–1.54) in women and prostate cancer (n = 6, meta-SIR = 1.06, CI: 1.01–1.12), compared to the general population. In contrast, a deficit was observed for the incidence of several cancers, including cancers of the bladder, breast (female), colorectum, esophagus, larynx, lung, and pancreas and all cancers combined (n = 7, meta-SIR for all cancers combined = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77–0.90). The direction of risk was largely consistent across cohorts although we observed large between-cohort variations in SIR for cancers of the liver and lung in men and women, and stomach, colorectum, and skin in men.
The results suggest that agricultural workers have a lower risk of various cancers and an elevated risk of prostate cancer, multiple myeloma (female), and melanoma of skin (female) compared to the general population. Those differences and the between-cohort variations may be due to underlying differences in risk factors and warrant further investigation of agricultural exposures.
Qat (Catha edulis) chewing is reported to induce lesions in the buccal mucosa, irritation of the esophagus, and esophageal reflux. Case series suggest a possible etiological role in oral and ...esophageal cancers. This pilot study aimed to generate preliminary estimates of the magnitude and direction of the association between qat use and esophageal cancer (EC) risk and to inform the logistics required to conduct a multi-center case-control study.
Between May 2012 and May 2013, 73 EC cases (including 12 gastro-esophageal junction cases) and 133 controls matched individually on sex, age, and residence were enrolled at two endoscopy clinics and a cancer treatment hospital in Addis Ababa. A face-to-face structured questionnaire was administered. Qat use was defined as ever having chewed qat once a week or more frequently for at least one year. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
Only 8% of cases resided in Addis Ababa. Qat use was more frequent in cases (36%) than in controls (26%). A 2-fold elevation in EC risk was observed in ever qat chewers compared with never users in unadjusted conditional logistic regression (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 0.94, 4.74), an association that disappeared after adjusting for differences in tobacco use, consumption of alcohol and green vegetables, education level, and religion (OR = 0.95; 0.22, 4.22). Among never tobacco users, however, a non-significant increase in EC risk was suggested in ever qat users also after adjustment. Increases in EC risk were observed with ever tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low consumption of green vegetables, a salty diet, illiteracy, and among Muslims; the four latter associations were significant.
This pilot study generated EC risk estimates in association with a habit practiced by millions of people and never before studied in a case-control design. Results must be interpreted cautiously in light of possible selection bias, with some demographics such as education level and religion differing between cases and controls. A large case-control study with enrolment of EC cases and carefully matched controls at health facilities from high-risk areas in the countryside, where the majority of cases occur, is needed to further investigate the association between qat use and EC.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Only a few studies have explored the relation between coffee and tea intake and head and neck cancers, with inconsistent results.
We pooled individual-level data from nine case-control studies of ...head and neck cancers, including 5,139 cases and 9,028 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for potential confounders.
Caffeinated coffee intake was inversely related with the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx: the ORs were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) for an increment of 1 cup per day and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.47-0.80) in drinkers of >4 cups per day versus nondrinkers. This latter estimate was consistent for different anatomic sites (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.71 for oral cavity; OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41-0.82 for oropharynx/hypopharynx; and OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-1.01 for oral cavity/pharynx not otherwise specified) and across strata of selected covariates. No association of caffeinated coffee drinking was found with laryngeal cancer (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.64-1.45 in drinkers of >4 cups per day versus nondrinkers). Data on decaffeinated coffee were too sparse for detailed analysis, but indicated no increased risk. Tea intake was not associated with head and neck cancer risk (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.11 for drinkers versus nondrinkers).
This pooled analysis of case-control studies supports the hypothesis of an inverse association between caffeinated coffee drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Given widespread use of coffee and the relatively high incidence and low survival of head and neck cancers, the observed inverse association may have appreciable public health relevance.
Ethiopia lies in the high-risk corridor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in East Africa, where individuals with this malignancy often do not report established risk factors, suggesting ...unidentified etiologies. Here, we report the prevalence of mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) and of
(
) detection in endoscopy-obtained esophageal and gastroesophageal junction biopsies and in oral cell specimens taken at the time of esophageal cancer diagnosis in a case-control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
DNA extraction was performed from fresh frozen tissue and oral cell pellets obtained with saline solution gargling subsequently fixed with ethanol. Mucosal HPV and
DNA was detected using highly sensitive assays that combine multiplex polymerase chain reaction and bead-based Luminex technology. The proportions of specimens testing positive were expressed as percentages, with binomial 95% confidence intervals. Agreement of results between tissue biopsy and oral cell specimens was estimated using the kappa statistic. Comparison of study participants' characteristics by test results was done using the Pearson chi-square test.
HPV DNA was detected in 1 of 62 tumor specimens (2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0-9%), corresponding to HPV16 type. HPV DNA was detected in the oral cavity of 7 cases (11, 95% CI: 5-22%) and 4 of 56 matched healthy controls (7, 95% CI: 2-17%), with multiple HPV types detected. Detection of
DNA was 55% (95% CI: 42-68%), and 20 of 34
-positive specimens (59, 95% CI: 41-75%) were positive for the
gene. Agreement of detection rates between tissue and oral cells in cases was poor for HPV and for
.
The prevalence of mucosal-type HPV was very low, whereas
was more commonly detected, with a high proportion testing positive for the pro-inflammatory gene
. These novel findings remain to be replicated in larger studies and with the addition of serological determinations to better understand their biological significance in the context of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancers.
The authors pooled data from 15 case-control studies of head and neck cancer (9,107 cases, 14,219 controls) to investigate the independent associations with consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. In ...particular, they calculated associations with different measures of beverage consumption separately for subjects who drank beer only (858 cases, 986 controls), for liquor-only drinkers (499 cases, 527 controls), and for wine-only drinkers (1,021 cases, 2,460 controls), with alcohol never drinkers (1,124 cases, 3,487 controls) used as a common reference group. The authors observed similar associations with ethanol-standardized consumption frequency for beer-only drinkers (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, and 5.4 for ≤5, 6–15, 16–30, and >30 drinks per week, respectively; Ptrend < 0.0001) and liquor-only drinkers (ORs = 1.6, 1.5, 2.3, and 3.6; P < 0.0001). Among wine-only drinkers, the odds ratios for moderate levels of consumption frequency approached the null, whereas those for higher consumption levels were comparable to those of drinkers of other beverage types (ORs = 1.1, 1.2, 1.9, and 6.3; P < 0.0001). Study findings suggest that the relative risks of head and neck cancer for beer and liquor are comparable. The authors observed weaker associations with moderate wine consumption, although they cannot rule out confounding from diet and other lifestyle factors as an explanation for this finding. Given the presence of heterogeneity in study-specific results, their findings should be interpreted with caution.
Although active tobacco smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for head and neck cancer, involuntary smoking has
not been adequately evaluated because of the relatively low statistical ...power in previous studies. We took advantage of data
pooled in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium to evaluate the role of involuntary smoking in head
and neck carcinogenesis. Involuntary smoking exposure data were pooled across six case-control studies in Central Europe,
Latin America, and the United States. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated for 542
cases and 2,197 controls who reported never using tobacco, and the heterogeneity among the study-specific ORs was assessed.
In addition, stratified analyses were done by subsite. No effect of ever involuntary smoking exposure either at home or at
work was observed for head and neck cancer overall. However, long duration of involuntary smoking exposure at home and at
work was associated with an increased risk (OR for >15 years at home, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.28; P trend < 0.01; OR for >15 years at work, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.04-2.30; P trend = 0.13). The effect of duration of involuntary smoking exposure at home was stronger for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers
than for other subsites. An association between involuntary smoking exposure and the risk of head and neck cancer, particularly
pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, was observed for long duration of exposure. These results are consistent with those for
active smoking and suggest that elimination of involuntary smoking exposure might reduce head and neck cancer risk among never
smokers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):1974–81)
Objective In order to explore the role of broader eating patterns in the etiology of prostate cancer, we conducted a principal components analysis among Uruguayan men. Methods The study included 345 ...newly diagnosed cases of advanced prostate cancer and 690 hospitalized controls. The factor analysis was performed using the control population. Results Factor analysis allowed the extraction of five patterns, labeled as prudent, traditional, substituter, drinker, and Western. Whereas the traditional and Western patterns were directly associated with risk of prostate cancer (OR for high quartile versus the low quartile of the Western diet was 2.35, 95% CI 1.44-3.85, p-value for trend < 0.0001), the prudent, drinker, and substituter patterns were not associated with risk of the disease. After adjustment of each pattern for the foods with high loadings, these three patterns did not modify substantially their original ORs. Conclusion The Western and traditional patterns could partially explain the high incidence of advanced prostate cancer in Uruguay, a main producer of beef in the World.
Background: Marijuana contains carcinogens similar to tobacco smoke and has been suggested by relatively small studies to
increase the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). Because tobacco is a major ...risk factor for HNC, large studies with substantial
numbers of never tobacco users could help to clarify whether marijuana smoking is independently associated with HNC risk.
Methods: We pooled self-reported interview data on marijuana smoking and known HNC risk factors on 4,029 HNC cases and 5,015
controls from five case-control studies within the INHANCE Consortium. Subanalyses were conducted among never tobacco users
(493 cases and 1,813 controls) and among individuals who did not consume alcohol or smoke tobacco (237 cases and 887 controls).
Results: The risk of HNC was not elevated by ever marijuana smoking odds ratio (OR), 0.88; 95% confidence intervals (95%
CI), 0.67-1.16, and there was no increasing risk associated with increasing frequency, duration, or cumulative consumption
of marijuana smoking. An increased risk of HNC associated with marijuana use was not detected among never tobacco users (OR,
0.93; 95% CI, 0.63-1.37; three studies) nor among individuals who did not drink alcohol and smoke tobacco (OR, 1.06; 95% CI,
0.47-2.38; two studies).
Conclusion: Our results are consistent with the notion that infrequent marijuana smoking does not confer a risk of these malignancies.
Nonetheless, because the prevalence of frequent marijuana smoking was low in most of the contributing studies, we could not
rule out a moderately increased risk, particularly among subgroups without exposure to tobacco and alcohol. (Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1544–51)
Bladder cancer is the fourth most frequent malignancy among Uruguayan men. A previous study from Uruguay suggested a high risk of bladder cancer associated with maté drinking. We conducted an ...additional case-control study in order to further explore the role of non-alcoholic beverages in bladder carcinogenesis.
In the time period 1996-2000, 255 incident cases with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 501 patients treated in the same hospitals and in the same time period were frequency matched on age, sex, and residence. Both cases and controls were face-to-face interviewed on occupation, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and intake of maté, coffee, tea, and soft drinks. Statistical analysis was carried out by unconditional multiple logistic regression.
Ever maté drinking was positively associated with bladder cancer (odds ratio OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval CI 1.2-3.9) and the risk increased for increasing duration and amount of maté drinking. Both coffee and tea were strongly associated with bladder cancer risk (OR for coffee drinking 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.3; OR for tea drinking 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.4). These results were confirmed in a separate analysis of never-smokers.
Our results suggest that drinking of maté, coffee and tea may be risk factors for bladder carcinoma in Uruguay.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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