Abstract
Enzymes in amino acid catabolism are emerging as attractive targets for cancer therapies. The mitochondrial branched-chain amino transferase (BCATm), an enzyme catalyzing the first step in ...leucine, valine, and isoleucine degradation, has been recently implicated in cancer growth but its role in T cell driven anti-cancer immunity has never been explored. To fulfill the gap in current scientific knowledge and address some of the challenges with lymphoma immunotherapies, we used the CD4-Cre-Lox recombination to create a conditional knockout mouse (T-BCATmKO) with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells deficient in the Bcat2 gene that encodes BCATm. Based on initial studies showing that a deletion of BCATm from T cells leads to increased glycolytic and oxygen metabolism and up-regulation of complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, we hypothesized that if BCATm is absent from T cells, this would stimulate T cell activation leading to improved T cell function in mice challenged with lymphoma. For this purpose, T-BCATmKO and T-BCATmfl/fl male mice (15-16 weeks old) were subcutaneously injected with 2.5x105 mouse lymphoma EG7-OVA cells. Tumor growth, animal weight, and food intake were recorded daily for a period of 20 days. Mice developed tumors around day 10 and this was not associated with weight loss or poor feeding of the mice as no changes in body weights or food intake between the different mouse groups were observed. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA revealed that T-BCATmKO mice had significantly delayed tumor growth compared to T-BCATmfl/fl mice (P= 0.05). In addition, CD4+ T cells isolated from T-BCATmKO mice released significantly more IFNγ after 48-72 hours of activation suggesting that CD4+ T cells from T-BCATmKO mice were more active than T cells from T-BCATmfl/fl mice. This study revealed that targeting BCATm in T cells may offer an advantage in mice to better fight lymphoma cancer and represents an attractive target for future immunotherapeutic anti-cancer approaches.
Citation Format: Christie Adam, Alexander Martin, Rebekah Betar, Mercedes Foster, Michael Boyer, Elitsa Ananieva. T cell conditional knockout mouse model of the mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) responds with delayed tumor growth to a lymphoma challenge abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1807.
Biodiversity of Fungi is essential for anyone collecting and/or monitoring any fungi. Fascinating and beautiful, fungi are vital components of nearly all ecosystems and impact human health and our ...economy in a myriad of ways. Standardized methods for documenting diversity and distribution have been lacking. A wealth of information, especially regrading sampling protocols, compiled by an international team of fungal biologists, make Biodiversity of Fungi an incredible and fundamental resource for the study of organismal biodiversity. Chapters cover everything from what is a fungus, to maintaining and organizing a permanent study collection with associated databases; from protocols for sampling slime molds to insect associated fungi; from fungi growing on and in animals and plants to mushrooms and truffles. The chapters are arranged both ecologically and by sampling method rather than by taxonomic group for ease of use. The information presented here is intended for everyone interested in fungi, anyone who needs tools to study them in nature including naturalists, land managers, ecologists, mycologists, and even citizen scientists and sophiscated amateurs. * Covers all groups of fungi - from molds to mushrooms, even slime molds * Describes sampling protocols for many groups of fungi * Arranged by sampling method and ecology to coincide with users needs * Beautifully illustrated to document the range of fungi treated and techniques discussed * Natural history data are provided for each group of fungi to enable users to modify suggested protocols to meet their needs
We provide an inventory of the avifauna of the Pongos Basin, northern Amazonas Department, Peru based on museum specimens collected during expeditions spanning >60 years within the 20th century. Four ...hundred and thirty-eight species representing 52 families are reported. Differences between lowland and higher elevation avifaunas were apparent. Species accounts with overviews of specimen data are provided for four species representing distributional records, two threatened species, and 26 species of Nearctic and Austral migrants, of which six are considered probable migrants.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We critically review the female-preference and hotspot models, the two most widely accepted recent explanations of lek organization. On the basis of what we believe are the inadequacies of these ...models-too great a reliance on the presumed acuity of female discrimination, the assumption that females have full freedom of choice within the lek, and insufficient recognition of the importance of male-male interactions-we develop an alternative set of hypotheses, which we call the hotshot model, to explain the development and maintenance of lek behavior. Our model attributes strong male mating skew to the interaction between (1) simplified and conservative mating rules of females and (2) social dominance among males. We demonstrate the importance of male-male dominance relationships in lek and non-lek court mating systems. We then argue that a strong mating skew among males forces novice males entering a population to adopt a long-term mating strategy that involves delayed breeding (floating) and subordinate lek behavior. The structure of leks is created by a complex of malemale interactions, with conflict between hotshots (who attempt to control lek mating) and subordinates, who may benefit from disrupting lek activities. Explanations for the number of males in an arena and inter-arena distances are based on modifications of the hotspot and female-preference models. We suggest specific field tests to help distinguish which hypothesis best models the behavioral interactions that produce lek mating.
The female partner in a two-career couple faces considerable obstacle in finding employment especially in the field of science. Various strategies for coping with this dilemma are presented for both ...the employee and the employer.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
17.
A Spouse Employment Program Foster, Mercedes S.
Bioscience,
04/1993, Letnik:
43, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Dual-career couples trained in similar disciplines rarely find employment opportunities in a single institution. Women are also more likely to be unemployed. The spouse employment program of the ...National Science Foundation is seen as a solution to this problem.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Eleven standard methods for use in reptile inventory and monitoring projects are presented in this chapter. They were selected because they are broadly applicable to the diverse array of lineages ...comprising the group Reptilia as well as to the extensive array of habitat types that reptiles occupy. These methods will be useful for various types of inventory and monitoring projects. However, we remind investigators initiating studies that they must invest sufficient time and effort in the design phase of the study to ensure that the procedures they select are appropriate for their particular projects.
The authors begin their presentations of
When early explorers began charting the vast reaches of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, they discovered and visited many seemingly exotic places generally unknown to Europeans. Basic trade ...routes to the Orient were known, but the extensive and complex insular environments of the Indo-Australian region remainedterrae incognitae,as did the interior regions of Africa and the New World, where they eventually encountered thriving, sophisticated civilizations. During explorations of and visits to these areas, the crews of the sailing ships often acquired unusual and colorful cultural and natural history objects, which they carried back to their home ports as
The Latin American Library Enhancement Project (LALEP) started in 1986, aims to enhance the volume of donated scientific publications to various Mexican, Central American, South American and ...Caribbean libraries.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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