Resumo Em meados do século XVIII, a associação entre “gente” e “riqueza” reemergiu como uma tópica relevante para a literatura da razão de Estado, em que, por extensão, sedimentou-se um conjunto de ...controvérsias a respeito das melhores formas de aproveitar os enjeitados como população útil. Tanto na América quanto na Europa, a ênfase em torno da utilidade dos expostos indicava uma inflexão que secundarizou os significados religiosos do auxílio às crianças em favor dos interesses do Estado. Este artigo analisa os sentidos das reformas da assistência aos expostos em um período de aumento global dos índices de abandono e, em simultâneo, de endividamento de boa parte das instituições de acolhimento.
Abstract In the mid-eighteenth century, the association between “gentry” and “wealth” reemerged as a topic of relevance in the literature of the reason of State, in which, by extension, a number of controversies about the best ways to make use of abandoned children took root. In the Americas, as in Europe, the emphasis on the usefulness of unwanted children indicated a new slant in which the religious significance of caring for children was subordinated to state interests. A discussion is presented of the meanings of the reforms of care for unwanted children at a time of an overall increase in rates of abandonment and, simultaneously, of indebtedness of many of the institutions where they were taken in.
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a ...well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm
(25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
O ORNITORRINCO RIDES AGAIN Franco, Renato
Devir Educação,
05/2019, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
O trabalho parte da análise de Roberto Schwarz sobre o mal-estar - originalmente identificado por Silvio Romero – na cultura brasileira a fim de demonstrar ser este resultante não de questões ...raciais, mas de vicissitudes da estrutura social do país, que comporta enorme desigualdade entre as classes. Em seguida, examina a permanência desse mal-estar realçando como tal desigualdade acarretou também a desigualdade cultural; ao mesmo tempo identifica as várias tentativas, historicamente situadas, de superá-lo. Nessa direção, destaca a mudança da “consciência amena do atraso” para a “consciência catastrófica do atraso”, apontada por Antonio Candido, vinculando a essa última a formação de uma consciência sobre o caráter subdesenvolvido do país e identificando criticamente os esforços desenvolvimentistas – sob o enfoque fornecido pela Teoria da Dependência – para superar tal condição. Nesse movimento analítico, o ensaio procura também conectar tal esforço com os movimentos culturais verificados especialmente na literatura brasileira e, em alguns casos, no cinema – sempre destacando a dificuldade das camadas populares de terem acesso à produção cultural mais significativa. Por fim, examina como o Estado Exterminista instalado no país após 1968 soterrou – ou dificultou enormemente – os esforços para superar tal mal-estar e condenou a maioria da população a consumir apenas aquilo que Adorno chamou de “semicultura”. O trabalho termina questionando quais rumos seriam hoje possíveis para a produção cultural desejosa de voltar a enfrentar o problema.
Protocol for assessing soybean antibiosis to Chloridea virescens Boiça Júnior, Arlindo Leal; Eduardo, Wellington Ivo; Souza, Bruno Henrique Sardinha ...
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata,
August 2022, 2022-08-00, 20220801, Letnik:
170, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
There are no standard protocols for assessing antibiosis in soybean, Glycine max (L.) (Fabaceae), cultivars to lepidopterans, including tobacco budworm, Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Noctuidae), an important species that causes damage to soybean crops in several production regions. This study was conducted to assess methodologies to determine the optimal combination of larval density, confinement container size, and plant structure in soybean antibiosis assays to C. virescens. In addition, primary and secondary metabolites in plant structures were analyzed to elucidate potential chemical resistance mechanisms against this lepidopteran. Antibiosis assays to C. virescens in resistant (IAC‐100) and susceptible (BR‐16) soybean cultivars were performed using three larval densities (one, two, and three larvae), two confinement container sizes (150 and 300 ml), and combinations of soybean plant structures (leaves, uncut pods, leaves + uncut pods, cut pods, and leaves + cut pods). Phenol, tannin, fiber, and lignin contents were quantified in the leaves, uncut pods, and grains of the soybean cultivars and related to biological development of C. virescens. Resistance levels in soybean cultivars in antibiosis assays were best differentiated using one larva per 150‐ml confinement container, fed only on soybean leaves. Higher contents of condensed tannins in the leaves of IAC‐100 cultivar may be one of the main chemical mechanisms of resistance to C. virescens. Our study is the first to determine the optimal combination of larval density, confinement container size, and plant structure for antibiosis assays in soybean cultivars to C. virescens. The developed protocol will benefit high‐throughput phenotyping in genetic breeding programs to obtain cultivars resistant to lepidopterans for use in integrated pest management.
Our study determined the optimal combination of larval density, confinement container size, and plant structure for antibiosis assays in soybean (Glycine max, Fabaceae) cultivars to Chloridea virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We showed that higher contents of condensed tannin in the leaves of cultivar IAC‐100 may be one of the chemical mechanisms responsible for resistance to C. virescens. The developed protocol will benefit high‐throughput phenotyping in genetic breeding programs to obtain cultivars resistant to lepidopteran pests for use in integrated pest management.
Protocol for assessing soybean antixenosis to Heliothis virescens Eduardo, Wellington Ivo; Boiça Júnior, Arlindo Leal; Moraes, Renato Franco Oliveira ...
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata,
December 2020, 2020-12-00, 20201201, Letnik:
168, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Larvae of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) often infest soybean crops, Glycine max (L.) (Fabaceae), causing significant yield losses in important soybean‐producing regions. ...The use of soybean varieties resistant to lepidopteran larvae is a major approach in soybean integrated pest management. However, standardization and optimization of bioassays that are used to screen genotypes for insect resistance are essential for high‐throughput phenotyping. Methodologies for screening were assessed to determine the most effective method for discriminating levels of antixenosis to H. virescens in soybean plants. Feeding and oviposition preference assays were performed to determine optimal densities of larvae and adults, and optimal plant structures and growth stages for conducting assays. In addition, trichome densities, and fiber and lignin contents were quantified in plant structures of soybean cultivars differing in resistance. Resistance levels of cultivars were best differentiated using nine neonate larvae and two 6‐day‐old larvae, and by using young leaves of plants at the vegetative stage. This was likely due to the more pronounced differences in lignin and fiber contents in young leaves of vegetative‐stage plants. Density of adult pairs, plant structure, and growth stage did not affect ability to distinguish differences in oviposition preference by H. virescens. Higher numbers of eggs were found on the leaves, which were the plant structures that exhibited the lowest trichome densities. The protocol developed in this work will benefit future evaluations of soybean genotypes for antixenosis against H. virescens.
The use of conventional and transgenic cultivars resistant to lepidopteran larvae is a major tactic in soybean integrated pest management. Therefore, standardization and optimization of bioassays used to screen resistant genotypes is essential for high‐throughput phenotyping. Factors related to plants and insects that can affect screening assays were assessed to determine the most effective method to discriminate levels of antixenosis to Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae) in soybean. Trichome density and lignin and fiber content were assessed as potential resistance traits.
O ensaio busca resumir o itinerário da formação da teoria crítica de Roberto Schwarz. Para tanto, destaca três aspectos decisivos de sua formação, a saber: a influência de Theodor Adorno, de Antonio ...Candido e do grupo de estudos sobre Marx. Nessa direção, examina as principais ideias e aspectos metodológicos elaborados no chamado Seminário de Marx e posteriormente assumidos por Schwarz, dentre as quais se destacam a)nova concepção dialética sobre o progresso; b) a análise dialética da relação entre o Brasil e o cenário internacional, em que os termos se esclarecem respectivamente; c) a formação do capitalismo no Brasil apresentaria uma singularidade, não repetindo a história dos países desenvolvidos, entre outras ideias. Do mesmo modo, é examinada suscintamente a seguir a concepção de forma literária formulada por Antonio Candido, a qual seria rigorosamente assumida por Schwarz, assim como é referida muito brevemente sua análise da obra de Machado de Assis, em que o processo literário brasileiro é entendido em relação ao presente do capitalismo globalmente considerado; nesse movimento, é também configurado criticamente o sentido do golpe civil-militar imposto ao país em 1964. Finalmente, são destacadas as análises sobre o processo social e cultural do país, notadamente o período marcado pelo nacional-desenvolvimentismo, interrompido bruscamente em 1964; na sequência é analisado o ensaio “Fim de século”, no qual Schwarz elabora interpretação sobre o período inaugurado com o fim do referido nacional-desenvolvimentismo, que seria marcado por uma lógica unificada do movimento do capital no plano global, mas que incidiria nos países de industrialização retardatária de modo a provocar o aparecimento de lógica de desagregação social. Por fim, são referidas algumas das obras literárias ou fílmicas que elaboraram criticamente semelhante situação.
Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCLs) comprise a group of extranodal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas B-cell derived, which primarily involve the skin without evidence of extracutaneous disease at ...the time of diagnosis. They include ~25% of all cutaneous lymphomas and are classified in three major subgroups (World Health Organization (WHO) 2017): primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL), primary cutaneous follicle-center cell lymphoma (PCFCL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type (PCDLBCL, LT). This classification also includes some less common entities such as intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Recently, WHO-EORTC added Epstein–Barr virus positive (EBV+) mucocutaneous ulcer, as a new provisional distinct entity, to cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. PCBCLs are classically characterized by patches, plaques, or nodules showing great variability for color, shape, and location. Diagnosis requires histological examination with immunohistochemical staining. In general, therapeutic options depend on the exact histological and immunohistochemical classification, disease presentation, and risk assessment. PCMZL and PCFCL are considered indolent lymphomas with a good prognosis and are associated with 5-year disease-specific survival ≥ 95%. In contrast, PCDLBCL, LT is considered an aggressive lymphoma with a survival rate in 5 years of lower than 60%. Patients with a solitary lesion or limited lesions in a single anatomical site require different treatments as compared to patients with generalized lesions or refractory disease or extracutaneous involvement. Therapeutic choice includes observation, local, or systemic therapy based on histology and disease extension. Patient management is multidisciplinary, including dermatologists, pathologists, hemato-oncologists, and radiation oncologists.
Este artigo analisa a trajetória do negociante Antônio de Abreu Guimarães, português nascido na região do Minho, de origem humilde, e que se tornaria dono de um dos maiores cabedais da capitania de ...Minas Gerais, na segunda metade do século XVIII. Auxiliado pelo sobrinho, Francisco de Abreu Guimarães, amealhou grande quantidade de bens diversos, terras e escravos, somando uma fortuna considerável e, em 1787, daria origem ao chamado “Vínculo da Jaguara”, que doravante se tornava posse inalienável destinada ao financiamento de obras pias, como a criação de hospitais, seminário, recolhimento de órfãs. No entanto, antes mesmo de se efetivar, o dito Vínculo provocou uma série de desentendimentos familiares que foram fundamentais para compreender a dinâmica e o fracasso das pretensões originais do negociante.
The prevalence of BRAF, NRAS, and p16CDKN2A mutations during melanoma progression remains inconclusive. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of mutations in these genes in different ...melanoma tissues.
In all, 291 tumor tissues from 132 patients with melanoma were screened. Paired samples of primary melanomas (n = 102) and synchronous or asynchronous metastases from the same patients (n = 165) were included. Tissue samples underwent mutation analysis (automated DNA sequencing). Secondary lesions included lymph nodes (n = 84), and skin (n = 36), visceral (n = 25), and brain (n = 44) sites.
BRAF/NRAS mutations were identified in 58% of primary melanomas (43% BRAF; 15% NRAS); 62% in lymph nodes, 61% subcutaneous, 56% visceral, and 70% in brain sites. Mutations were observed in 63% of metastases (48% BRAF; 15% NRAS), a nonsignificant increase in mutation frequency after progression from primary melanoma. Of the paired samples, lymph nodes (93% consistency) and visceral metastases (96% consistency) presented a highly similar distribution of BRAF/NRAS mutations versus primary melanomas, with a significantly less consistent pattern in brain (80%) and skin metastases (75%). This suggests that independent subclones are generated in some patients. p16CDKN2A mutations were identified in 7% and 14% of primary melanomas and metastases, with a low consistency (31%) between secondary and primary tumor samples.
In the era of targeted therapies, assessment of the spectrum and distribution of alterations in molecular targets among patients with melanoma is needed. Our findings about the prevalence of BRAF/NRAS/p16CDKN2A mutations in paired tumor lesions from patients with melanoma may be useful in the management of this disease.
In the era of precision medicine, the identification of several predictive biomarkers and the development of innovative therapies have dramatically increased the request of tests to identify specific ...targets on cytological or histological samples, revolutionizing the management of the tumoral biomaterials. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved a selective neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) inhibitor, larotrectinib. Contemporarily, the development of multi-kinase inhibitors with activity in tumors carrying TRK fusions is ongoing. Chromosomal translocations involving the NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes result in constitutive activation and aberrant expression of TRK kinases in numerous cancer types. In this context, the identification of tumors harboring TRK fusions is crucial. Several methods of detection are currently available. We revise the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques used for identifying TRK alterations, including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and next generation sequencing-based approaches. Finally, we propose a diagnostic algorithm based on histology and the relative frequency of TRK fusions in each specific tumor, considering also the economic feasibility in the clinical practice.
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