This article reviews and updates data on macro and trace elements and radionuclides in edible wild-grown and cultivated mushrooms. A huge biodiversity of mushrooms and spread of certain species over ...different continents makes the study on their multi-element constituents highly challenging. A few edible mushrooms are widely cultivated and efforts are on to employ them (largely
Agaricus
spp.,
Pleurotus
spp., and
Lentinula edodes
) in the production of selenium-enriched food (mushrooms) or nutraceuticals (by using mycelia) and less on species used by traditional medicine, e.g.,
Ganoderma lucidum
. There are also attempts to enrich mushrooms with other elements than Se and a good example is enrichment with lithium. Since minerals of nutritional value are common constituents of mushrooms collected from natural habitats, the problem is however their co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides. Discussed is also the problem of erroneous data on mineral compounds determined in mushrooms.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu are lanthanides, also referred to as “rare earth” elements (occurring at ultra-low concentration, i.e. each, at ppb or lower levels) in plant and ...animal foods including edible wild mushrooms. Could it be that lanthanides when collectively reported as a summed value (widely referred to as REE) are at relatively high concentrations because extremely high contributions from individual elements? REE elements naturally occur in environmental media such as the soil substrate in which plants and fungi grow in a characteristic pattern (Oddo-Harkins rule), with most of the available literature confirming the extension of this pattern in fungi. Abnormalities therefore need to be examined closely and resolved.
Mushroom Cortinarius caperatus is one of the several edible wild-grown species that are widely collected by fanciers. For specimens collected from 20 spatially and distantly distributed sites in ...Poland the median values of Hg contents of caps ranged from 0.81 to 2.4mgkg−1 dry matter and in stipes they were 2.5-fold lower. C. caperatus efficiently accumulates Hg and the median values of the bioconcentration factor for caps range from 120 to 18 and for stipes from 47 to 7.3. This mushroom even when collected at background (uncontaminated) forested areas could be a source of elevated intake of Hg. The irregular consumption of the caps or whole fruiting bodies is not considered to pose a risk. Frequent eating of C. caperatus during the fruiting season by fanciers should be avoided because of possible health risk from Hg. Available data on Hg contents of C. caperatus from several places in Europe are also summarized.
•Gypsy mushroom efficiently sequesters Hg in fruit bodies.•Gypsy that emerge at background areas can contain elevated quantity of Hg.•Gypsy mushroom eaten frequently can provide relatively high dose of Hg.
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are legacy contaminants that are listed by the Stockholm convention, initially for reduction of inadvertent production and ultimately, for elimination. They ...originate through releases from older electrical equipment, inadvertent contamination in industrial chemicals and from combustion processes such as incineration. Recent advances in measurement techniques have allowed a greater characterisation of PCN occurrence, yielding more specific data including individual PCN congener concentrations. Emerging data on food shows widespread occurrence in most commonly consumed foods from different parts of the world. Concurrently, toxicological studies have also allowed a greater insight into the potencies of some congeners, a number of which are known to elicit potent, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses, often referred to as dioxin-like toxicity. The dietary pathway is widely recognised as the most likely route to non-occupational human exposure. This paper reviews some of the more recent findings on PCN occurrence in food, biota, and human tissues, and discusses the use of relative potencies to express PCN toxicity in foods.
•Review of recent literature on polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and human tissues/fluids•Review of recent toxicological findings with a listing of toxic equivalency (REP) data for relevant PCN congeners•Collation of the most recent data on PCNs in food
Edible cod liver products including cod liver oil and canned cod liver, sampled over the last five decades from the North Atlantic region, including the Baltic Sea were analysed for a set of ...persistent and toxicologically significant polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners with some of the highest relative potencies (dioxin-like toxicity) among PCNs. The targeted congeners showed a near-universality of occurrence in all samples apart from the most recent sample of cod liver oil which was assumed to be highly purified, as cod livers from the same period and location showed appreciable amounts of PCNs. The majority of dominant congeners in legacy technical PCN mixtures were absent or occurred in low concentrations, raising the possibility that congeners arising from combustion related sources may be acquiring a greater significance following the decline and elimination of PCN production. The apparent appreciation in the relative amounts of PCN#70 in the last three to four decades may provide support for this view. The PCN contribution to dioxin-like toxic equivalence (TEQ) that was estimated for these samples (range 1.2–15.9 pg TEQ g−1) was significant in comparison to the EU regulated value of 1.75 pg TEQ g−1 for dioxins in fish oils. Most of the TEQ was associated with PCNs 66/67, 64/68, 69 and 73. Although metabolic processes are likely to influence this distribution, the profile is a little different to that observed in the tissues of higher order animals where PCNs #66/67 and #73 may contribute approximately 90% to the summed TEQ.
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•Highest dl-like toxicity in cod liver is associated with PCNs 66/67, 64/68, 69 and 73.•Dominant congeners that occur in PCN formulations were absent in cod-derived products.•PCN content increased in Baltic cod liver oil produced during 1972–2001.•PCNs 13 and 70 observed in cod liver products may be related to combustion sources.
The PCN contribution to dioxin-like toxic equivalence (TEQ) that was estimated for cod liver products (range 1.2–15.9 pg TEQ g−1) was significant in comparison to the EU regulated value of 1.75 pg TEQ g-1 for dioxins in fish oils. Most of the TEQ was associated with PCNs 66/67, 64/68, 69 and 73.
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in three types of vegetables (fruit, leafy, and root vegetables) that were cultivated and harvested from 2014 to 2017. The cultivated soil was ...mainly affected by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCAs; 91.8% detection rate) rather than perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs; 8.2%). The cultivated soil (i.e., a volcanic cohesive soil) had a high total organic carbon (TOC = 3.4%) and therefore showed strong adsorption of long-chain PFASs. Short-chain PFCAs (i.e., under C9) were mainly detected in vegetables; specifically, PFBA showed high concentration in tomato shoots. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots clearly showed that PFASs in vegetables were different from those of cultivated soil, air, and rainwater. Interestingly, the whole potato (i.e., including peel) was in the same group as soil, indicating that the whole potato can easily be affected by the cultivated soil. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry-Scanning Electron Microscope (EDS-SEM) results showed that presence of unremovable micron-sized cultivated soil particles on the potato surface. Comparing the regional differences between the cultivated area of Tsukuba city (East Japan) and Osaka city (West Japan), PFASs patterns were similar in cucumber but differed in green perilla and potato.
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•This is the initial report of PFAS analysis in leafy, fruit and root vegetables cultivated in an open-field in Japan.•Short-chain PFCAs under C9 were mainly detected in the vegetables.•PCA indicates that PFASs residue in vegetables shows different composition profiles in soil, air, and rainwater.•Although potatoes were washed with water, the unremovable soils on peel affected the concentrations of PFASs residues.
Solutions of technical polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) Halowax formulations (Halowax 1014 and Halowax 1051) diluted with Milli-Q water and sealed in the Pyrex glass tubes and quartz tubes were ...subjected to artificial solar and natural solar irradiation under different time intervals and field conditions. In particular, the results of several field irradiation experiments have shown increased PCN photodegradation as altitude increases above sea level. Irradiation in artificial solar conditions caused a substantial change in the PCN congener profiles of Halowax 1014 and Halowax 1051 test solutions. Interestingly, in long-term experiments, the relative abundance of congeners that contribute to dioxin-like activity, i.e. the compounds such as 1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-PentaCN (PeCNs #52/60), 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-HexaCN (HxCNs #66/67), and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-HeptaCN (HpCN #73), temporally increased substantially. In the field photodegradation experiments, the PCNs #52/60 and #66/67 were formed, while a relative persistence of PCN #73 was evident. Highest chlorinated octachloronaphthalene (OcCN #75), exposed to strong UV radiation at high altitude, was much less stable than lower molecular mass PCNs. Photodegradation of the technical PCN formulations produced also an unidentified aromatic compound. We conclude, that photodegradation of PCNs, which are considered as a widespread anthropogenic pollutants, is not restricted to any specific environmental condition. It can also be observed at low altitudes.
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•Halowax 1014 and 1051 photodegrade with yield in a few most persistent CNs.•Most toxic PCNs are also formed from a higher molecular mass PCN.•Photodegradation of PCNs accelerate as altitude increases above sea level.•Photodegradation of PCNs is not restricted to any specific environmental condition.•Unidentified aromatic compound was photoproduct from degraded PCNs.
Photodegradation of polychlorinated naphthalene is not restricted to any specific environmental condition, while increases with altitude above sea level. A dioxin-like active 1,2,3,5,7- and 1,2,4,6,7-PentaCN (PeCNs #52/60), 1,2,3,4,6,7- and 1,2,3,5,6,7-HexaCN (HxCNs #66/67), and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-HeptaCN (HpCN #73) are temporally abundant products of photodegradation of higher chlorinated congeners.
This study aimed to get an insight into the effects of household processing on the leaching behaviour of
137
Cs and
40
K from fresh, frozen and dried
Boletus edulis
(King Bolete) mushrooms. Three ...processes were investigated—blanching, blanching and pickling, and drying followed by grinding and soaking. The activity concentrations of
137
Cs and
40
K in the fresh unprocessed mushrooms were 270 Bq kg
−1
dry biomass (27 Bq kg
−1
whole weight) and 590 Bq kg
−1
db (59 Bq kg
−1
ww), respectively. Blanching of fresh mushrooms decreased
137
Cs activity by 55%, and
40
K activity by 34%, and blanching of deep-frozen mushrooms caused a reduction of 52% and 44% (db) (equivalent to whole weight reductions of 37% and 8.5%, and 67% and 22%, respectively). Blanching and pickling of fresh mushrooms decreased
137
Cs activity by 83% and
40
K activity by 87%, while blanching deep-frozen mushrooms resulted in decreases of 88% and 80% (db) (whole weight decreases of 77% and 81%, and by ~ 84% and 72%, respectively). This study confirms earlier reports that blanching of fresh or frozen mushrooms alone is not as efficient at removing
137
Cs as blanching followed by pickling. The study also shows that the initial rate of fruiting body disintegration and pre-preparation (comparing fresh, deep-frozen, or dried and ground) can have an impact on the leaching rate of the water soluble fraction of metallic elements.
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of ...PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.
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