SQLIA vulnerabilities undermine the integrity of the Web background database, and have always been a major threat to Web application security. This paper proposes a solution to detect and verify ...SQLIA vulnerabilities in Java Web programs. It combines static analysis and dynamic verification, and formalizes the definition of instruction- level taint propagation semantics, which can effectively track the spread of taint information across files and pages. Static analysis first handles and classifies Sources to obtain a true and reliable Source collection, and then applies the multiple-fold relationship of methods, requests, sessions, method calls, etc. to match the potential Source and Sink pair, so that the analysis process can filter the unrelated Sources and Sinks. Finally, this paper combines static taint analysis and live variables analysis to eliminate Sources and Sinks where there is no taint propagation paths. Dynamic verification first instruments the program, then performs dynamic taint propagation an
The global epidemic of obesity and its associated chronic diseases is largely attributed to an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. While physical exercise remains the best ...solution, the development of muscle-targeted “exercise mimetics” may soon provide a pharmaceutical alternative to battle an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. At the same time, these advances are fueling a raging debate on their escalating use as performance-enhancing drugs in high-profile competitions such as the Olympics.
Exercise, especially endurance exercise, is known for its broad health benefits. In this Perspective, Fan et al. summarize exercise-induced transcriptional remodeling in skeletal muscle and present their perspectives of developing natural or synthetic “exercise mimetics” for therapeutic applications in patients that lack adequate physical exercise.
It is very important to have a good understanding of the relation between soil erosion and landscape patterns so that soil and water conservation in river basins can be optimized. In this study, this ...relationship was explored, using the Liusha River Watershed, China, as a case study. A distributed water and sediment model based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was developed to simulate soil erosion from different land use types in each sub-basin of the Liusha River Watershed. Observed runoff and sediment data from 1985 to 2005 and land use maps from 1986, 1995, and 2000 were used to calibrate and validate the model. The erosion modulus for each sub-basin was calculated from SWAT model results using the different land use maps and 12 landscape indices were chosen and calculated to describe the land use in each sub-basin for the different years. The variations in instead of the absolute amounts of the erosion modulus and the landscape indices for each sub-basin were used as the dependent and independent variables, respectively, for the regression equations derived from multiple linear regression. The results indicated that the variations in the erosion modulus were closely related to changes in the large patch index, patch cohesion index, modified Simpson's evenness index, and the aggregation index. From the regression equation and the corresponding landscape indices, it was found that watershed erosion can be reduced by decreasing the physical connectivity between patches, improving the evenness of the landscape patch types, enriching landscape types, and enhancing the degree of aggregation between the landscape patches. These findings will be useful for water and soil conservation and for optimizing the management of watershed landscapes.
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•The relation between soil erosion and land use patterns was studied.•Multiple linear regression method was used to obtain the relation.•The four main contributing landscape indices were highlighted by regression analysis.•The large patch index was the most important landscape index affecting soil erosion.•It is not feasible to obtain the soil erosion amount from landscape metrics alone.
Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells hold promise for operation below 600 °C (refs.
). Although the high proton conductivity of the bulk electrolyte has been demonstrated, it cannot be fully used ...in electrochemical full cells because of unknown causes
. Here we show that these problems arise from poor contacts between the low-temperature processed oxygen electrode-electrolyte interface. We demonstrate that a simple acid treatment can effectively rejuvenate the high-temperature annealed electrolyte surface, resulting in reactive bonding between the oxygen electrode and the electrolyte and improved electrochemical performance and stability. This enables exceptional protonic ceramic fuel-cell performance down to 350 °C, with peak power densities of 1.6 W cm
at 600 °C, 650 mW cm
at 450 °C and 300 mW cm
at 350 °C, as well as stable electrolysis operations with current densities above 3.9 A cm
at 1.4 V and 600 °C. Our work highlights the critical role of interfacial engineering in ceramic electrochemical devices and offers new understanding and practices for sustainable energy infrastructures.
Oral absorption of protein/peptide-loaded nanoparticles is often limited by multiple barriers of the intestinal epithelium. In addition to mucus translocation and apical endocytosis, highly efficient ...transepithelial absorption of nanoparticles requires successful intracellular trafficking, especially to avoid lysosomal degradation, and basolateral release. Here, the functional material, deoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan, is synthesized and loaded with the model protein drug insulin into deoxycholic acid-modified nanoparticles (DNPs). The DNPs designed in this study are demonstrated to overcome multiple barriers of the intestinal epithelium by exploiting the bile acid pathway. In Caco-2 cell monolayers, DNPs are internalized via apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, insulin degradation in the epithelium is significantly prevented due to endolysosomal escape of DNPs. Additionally, DNPs can interact with a cytosolic ileal bile acid-binding protein that facilitates the intracellular trafficking and basolateral release of insulin. In rats, intravital two-photon microscopy also reveals that the transport of DNPs into the intestinal villi is mediated by ASBT. Further pharmacokinetic studies disclose an oral bioavailability of 15.9% in type I diabetic rats after loading freeze-dried DNPs into enteric-coated capsules. Thus, deoxycholic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles can overcome multiple barriers of the intestinal epithelium for oral delivery of insulin.
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Characterized by scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems, Northwest China (NWC) has experienced a climate shift from warm-dry to warm-wet conditions since the 1980s that has garnered extensive ...concern in recent years. In this study, the variability in extreme precipitation (EP) during 1961–2016 in different climate zones of NWC and the possible mechanisms for this variation are investigated. The results show that the EP trends significantly increased in most of the westerly zone (WZ) and plateau zone (PZ), while the EP trends did not significantly decrease in the monsoon zone (MZ). The start dates of extreme precipitation (SDEP) and end dates of extreme precipitation (EDEP) advanced and were postponed, respectively, in the WZ and PZ, while the opposite occurred in the MZ. Summer atmospheric circulation, water vapor transport, and atmospheric instability over NWC varied greatly with the interdecadal shift in EP before and after 1986. During 1986–2016, upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence occurred in the MZ and PZ, which strengthened ascending flow. In addition, the summer water vapor and atmospheric instability increased in the WZ and PZ. These characteristics created favorable conditions for increased occurrences of EP in the WZ and PZ in summer. Conversely, the upper-level convergence and lower-level divergence in the MZ strengthened descending flow. Decreases in summer water vapor and atmospheric instability occurred in the MZ after 1986. Hence, the environmental conditions in the MZ may have prevented the occurrence and development of EP in summer during 1986–2016.
It is now clear that mitochondrial defects are associated with a plethora of clinical phenotypes in man and mouse. This is the result of the mitochondria's central role in energy production, reactive ...oxygen species (ROS) biology, and apoptosis, and because the mitochondrial genome consists of roughly 1500 genes distributed across the maternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Mendelian nuclear DNA (nDNA). While numerous pathogenic mutations in both mtDNA and nDNA mitochondrial genes have been identified in the past 21 years, the causal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the common metabolic and degenerative diseases, cancer, and aging is still debated. However, the development of mice harboring mitochondrial gene mutations is permitting demonstration of the direct cause-and-effect relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. Mutations in nDNA-encoded mitochondrial genes involved in energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, apoptosis via the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP), mitochondrial fusion, and mtDNA biogenesis have already demonstrated the phenotypic importance of mitochondrial defects. These studies are being expanded by the recent development of procedures for introducing mtDNA mutations into the mouse. These studies are providing direct proof that mtDNA mutations are sufficient by themselves to generate major clinical phenotypes. As more different mtDNA types and mtDNA gene mutations are introduced into various mouse nDNA backgrounds, the potential functional role of mtDNA variation in permitting humans and mammals to adapt to different environments and in determining their predisposition to a wide array of diseases should be definitively demonstrated.
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a wide range of degenerative and metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. All these clinical manifestations arise from the central role of bioenergetics in ...cell biology. Although genetic therapies are maturing as the rules of bioenergetic genetics are clarified, metabolic therapies have been ineffectual. This failure results from our limited appreciation of the role of bioenergetics as the interface between the environment and the cell. A systems approach, which, ironically, was first successfully applied over 80 years ago with the introduction of the ketogenic diet, is required. Analysis of the many ways that a shift from carbohydrate glycolytic metabolism to fatty acid and ketone oxidative metabolism may modulate metabolism, signal transduction pathways, and the epigenome gives us an appreciation of the ketogenic diet and the potential for bioenergetic therapeutics.
To endow antiglare waterborne polyurethane with toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance is highly desired. Herein, we first prepared amphiphilic polyurethane modified silica (MSiO2) ...nano-particles by in-situ polymerization and then physically incorporated it with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersion to fabricate WPU composite (WPU-MSiO2). The FT-IR, TG-DTG, and SEM analyses demonstrated that the urethane chains were covalently attached onto the silica surface, and the MSiO2 exhibited good dispersibility and compatibility with WPU matrix. Moreover, embedded MSiO2 particles could not only impart the WPU-MSiO2 composites with good antiglare function, but also improve the mechanical, thermal, and water resistance of composites. Notably, the most effective enhancements in antiglare and other physicochemical performances were achieved when incorporating 3 wt% of MSiO2 into the WPU dispersion to fabricate the WPU-MSiO23 composite. In particular, the WPU-MSiO23 composite film possessed the transmittance of 94.6% and 60° gloss of 27.0, respectively, which satisfying the requirement of an antiglare coating. Furthermore, WPU-MSiO23 composite exhibited great increase in tensile strength, elongation at break, maximum decomposition temperature, and water contact angle (20.8 MPa, 636.5%, 389.5 °C, and 99.1°, respectively) as well when compared to the neat WPU and WPU-SiO23 films. The present research provided a cost-effective way for preparing high-performance antiglare polymer coatings.
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•Amphiphilic polyurethane modified silica (MSiO2) nano-particles were synthesized.•Waterborne polyurethane composites (WPU-MSiO2) were prepared by a simple solution blending method.•MSiO2 fillers exhibited good dispersibility and compatibility with WPU matrix.•WPU-MSiO23 composite can better satisfy requirements of an antiglare coating.•WPU-MSiO23 composite has balanced thermal, mechanical, and hydrophobic properties.
In network analysis, using discrete models, known as map models, brings advantages to the network since such models are more flexible and efficient than continuous ones. Memristor is another concept ...that brings a significant nonlinearity to the system. Therefore, different initially discrete or discretized memristive maps can be found in the literature. To benefit from the advantages of the memristive maps and to model different multi-level neural interactions, in this paper, we investigate the synchronization and chimera state in a multiplex network of discretized Hindmarsh–Rose maps with a flux-controlled memristor. The studied multiplex network was considered to have two layers, each having a different small-world structure with 50 neurons, and corresponding neurons from different layers were linked. In the constructed two-layer network, the influence of different intra-layer couplings on synchronization was studied, while chemical synapses were considered the only inter-layer neural interactions. We found that when intra-layer neurons interacted electrically, they could achieve synchronization as the electrical coupling strength increased. However, when neurons were linked through electrical and chemical couplings, they could not reach a synchronous state. Similarly, chemically coupled intra-layer neurons could not achieve synchronization as well. Also, we observed that chemical inter-layer interactions could lead to the formation of coherent and incoherent clusters. Thus, in a weak intra-layer coupling value, the chimera state was found by increasing the inter-layer coupling strength.
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