Guns N’ Snakes Tadinac, Meri; Faraguna, Katarina
Psihologijske teme,
12/2023, Letnik:
32, Številka:
3
Journal Article, Paper
Odprti dostop
S ciljem ispitivanja evolucijske hipoteze o selektivnosti ulaznih informacija modula za strah metodom vidnoga pretraživanja provedeno je istraživanje brzine reakcije na različite vrste podražaja. ...Sudionicima (N = 74) su prikazane matrice fotografija opasnih i bezopasnih podražaja za koje su trebali utvrditi jesu li iz iste kategorije ili je jedna od prikazanih fotografija iz različite kategorije. Dobiveni rezultati u skladu su s pretpostavkama modula za strah. Na opasne podražaje sudionici su reagirali brže nego na bezopasne te je zabilježena brža reakcija na zmije kao evolucijski opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne životinje. Brža reakcija na pištolje kao moderne opasne podražaje u odnosu na slične bezopasne predmete nije dobivena. Usporedba vremena reakcije za zmije i pištolje pokazala je općenito bržu reakciju na podražaje pištolja, što može sugerirati potencijalnu interakciju modula za strah s procesima socijalnoga učenja. Dobiveni rezultati naglašavaju važnost valencije podražaja u objašnjavanju selektivnosti modula za strah, pri čemu je nužno daljnje utvrđivanje specifičnih perceptivnih faktora koji dovode do brže detekcije i reakcije na pojedine vrste podražaja.
Reaction time to different types of stimuli within the visual search task was examined to test the evolutionary hypothesis on the input information selectivity of the fear module. The participants (N = 74) were presented different image matrices, containing dangerous and harmless stimuli, for which they had to determine whether they all belong to the same category or whether there was a discrepant one from a different category. The results are consistent with the basic assumptions of the fear module. Participants reacted faster to dangerous stimuli than to harmless ones, and a faster response rate was found for snakes as evolutionarily dangerous stimuli when compared to similar harmless animals. There was no difference in reaction time to guns as modern dangerous stimuli when compared to similar harmless objects. A comparison of reaction times for snakes and guns showed a generally faster response to gun stimuli, which could indicate a possible interaction of the fear module with social learning processes. The results obtained highlight the importance of stimulus valence for the selectivity of the fear module, while further studies are needed to determine specific perceptual factors that lead to faster detection and reaction time to specific types of stimuli.
Manganese doped nanosized ceria samples were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. Characterization was done using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS), ...X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and others. Different conditions of synthesis were tried. Beside cerium carbonate, cerium chloride and amorphous phase remain in the product. Cerium carbonate decomposes around 250 °C, while the decomposition process centered at 330 °C was attributed to cerium chloride decomposition. Along with ceria, birnessite occurs in doped samples after thermal treatment and washing. Ceria lattice constant is reduced from 5.405 Å for pure sample to 5.401 Å for the 30 % doped sample as a consequence of manganese entrance in the ceria lattice. Ceria bandgap is significantly reduced with doping. Particle size was far greater than crystallite size due to a strong tendency toward agglomeration. All prepared powders proved to be efficient catalysts for toluene oxidation with the 30 % doped sample being the most promising.
Ceria and manganese doped ceria nanoparticles were mechanochemically prepared and characterized. A romanechite‐like phase appears in the doped samples. Doped samples demonstrate great red shift influence on bandgap values. Paired with results from toluene oxidation, samples have great potential in catalysis and photocatalysis.
