Thermoelectric generators have long been recognized as a unique energy conversion device due to their capability to convert heat directly into electricity with no moving parts. Nevertheless, ...engineering applications of these solid-state devices, apart from specialised situations, have been limited by the relatively low intrinsic conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric materials. Many efforts have been made over recent years to improve the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials by increasing their figure-of-merit, with only marginal success. The authors recently introduced a novel combination of thermoelectric generators and liquid heaters to carry our two tasks in a manner that compensates for the low efficiency drawback of thermoelectric generators. The idea is to operate the thermoelectric generator in a symbiotic arrangement (a certain configuration of a combined heat and power generation mode – cogeneration) which consists of a stacked assembly of several thermoelectric modules sandwiched between cold and hot liquid passages appropriately connected to an ordinary liquid (e.g. water) heater. It was shown that the system can produce heat and electricity with nearly zero heat dissipation to the surroundings by re-using rejected heat from thermoelectric modules for inlet liquid preheating.
In the present research, we aimed to extend our previous study and analyse the large-scale application of this kind of cogeneration system, including considerations of usefulness of this system in such large-scale applications and limitations of this cogeneration system. A theoretical estimation of the maximum achievable electrical power using this symbiotic system has been also presented.
•A symbiotic thermoelectric/hot water system can produce electricity with no heat rejection.•Large-scale TE power generation could be feasible through a symbiotic application.•A water heater could supply enough heat for a TE generator apparatus to generate useful power.•Implementation of the symbiotic system with a low flow rate of hot water may not be feasible.
In the present study, the influence of ascorbic acid on the nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference was investigated in mice. In the place preference paradigm, ...intraperitoneal (i.p.) nicotine (1and 1.5 mg/kg, three drug sessions) but not ascorbic acid (1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg) administration induced place preference. Ascorbic acid administration (10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced both the acquisition and expression of nicotine-induced place conditioning. Locomotor sensitization in mice was produced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (0.25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. On the 9th day of the experiments, activity of the mice was recorded after challenge with nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Ascorbic acid (10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 20 min before each injection of nicotine (acquisition of sensitization) or acutely 20 min before a challenge nicotine injection (expression of sensitization). It was shown that ascorbic acid attenuated the acquisition of nicotine sensitization in a dose-independent manner but the expression of nicotine-induced sensitization was not affected by ascorbic acid. In conclusion, it seems that ascorbic acid may interfere with nicotine-induced place preference and behavioral sensitization in mice.
A novel and simple structure for improving CMRR is introduced. This structure can be added to the circuits like folded cascode amplifier, telescopic amplifier, current buffers, .etc to improve the ...CMRR of these circuits. This simple and effective circuit uses common mode deviating technique to improve CMRR at least 12dB while preserves CMRR bandwidth which is a novel technique in order to improve CMRR. Application of this structure in both current buffer and folded cascode structures are shown. Simulation results in TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology with HSPICE are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed circuit. In addition Monte Carlo analysis is performed to simulate the fabrication condition.
In order to evaluate adaptibility and also tolerance of new lines or varieties of rapeseed that was received from pacific seeds company 5 experiments were conducted in different parts of the country. ...Sari, Gonbad and Moghan with moderate humid climate and also Darab and Dezful as sample of warm climate. The experimental design in all of the locations was randomized complete block design. As the results shows we can mention that, the average mean of yeild in H1750 ( 4320 hg/ha ), H1750j ( 4305 kg/ha ), Hyola401 ( 3970 kg/ha ), Y3000 ( 3844 kg/ha ) were the highest one. The early maturity varieties are J1318, H1012, H4815 that were mature 4 to 5 days earlier than the check variety ( Hyola 401 ). For evaluating the phoma resistancy in different treatments we took samples from each plot ( 20 plants ) and control by six indexes . Cultivars had defferent reaction to black leg disease in defferent locations.Also results showed that infection to disease was high in gonbad station.
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