AIDS and accusation Farmer, Paul
2006., 20060503, 2006-05-03, 20060101
eBook
Does the scientific "theory" that HIV came to North America from Haiti stem from underlying attitudes of racism and ethnocentrism in the United States rather than from hard evidence? Award-winning ...author and anthropologist-physician Paul Farmer answers with this, the first full-length ethnographic study of AIDS in a poor society. First published in 1992 this new edition has been updated and a new preface added.
Reimagining global health Farmer, Paul; Kleinman, Arthur; Kim, Jim ...
2013., 20130918, 2013, 2013-09-07, Letnik:
26
eBook
Bringing together the experience, perspective and expertise of Paul Farmer, Jim Yong Kim, and Arthur Kleinman, Reimagining Global Health provides an original, compelling introduction to the field of ...global health. Drawn from a Harvard course developed by their student Matthew Basilico, this work provides an accessible and engaging framework for the study of global health. Insisting on an approach that is historically deep and geographically broad, the authors underline the importance of a transdisciplinary approach, and offer a highly readable distillation of several historical and ethnographic perspectives of contemporary global health problems. The case studies presented throughout Reimagining Global Health bring together ethnographic, theoretical, and historical perspectives into a wholly new and exciting investigation of global health. The interdisciplinary approach outlined in this text should prove useful not only in schools of public health, nursing, and medicine, but also in undergraduate and graduate classes in anthropology, sociology, political economy, and history, among others.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
has been a major cause of human disease for centuries. This article discusses the development of active drug therapy and the emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant ...strains. Failure to manage tuberculosis properly puts us all at risk.
Tuberculosis is a treatable airborne infectious disease that kills almost 2 million people every year. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis — by convention, a disease caused by strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
that are resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, the backbone of first-line antituberculosis treatment — afflicts an estimated 500,000 new patients annually. Resistance to antituberculosis agents has been studied since the 1940s; blueprints for containing MDR tuberculosis were laid out in the clinical literature and in practice, in several settings, more than 20 years ago.
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,
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Yet today, barely 0.5% of persons with newly diagnosed MDR tuberculosis worldwide receive treatment that is . . .
Structural violence refers to the social structures that put people in harm's way. Farmer and colleagues describe the impact of social violence upon people living with HIV in the US and Rwanda.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Directed at a diverse audience of students, legal and public health practitioners, and anyone interested in understanding what human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) to health and development mean and ...why they matter,Power, Suffering, and the Struggle for Dignityprovides a solid foundation for comprehending what a human rights framework implies and the potential for social transformation it entails. Applying a human rights framework to health demands that we think about our own suffering and that of others, as well as the fundamental causes of that suffering. What is our agency as human subjects with rights and dignity, and what prevents us from acting in certain circumstances? What roles are played by others in decisions that affect our health? How do we determine whether what we may see as "natural" is actually the result of mutable, human policies and practices?
Alicia Ely Yamin couples theory with personal examples of HRBAs at work and shows the impact they have had on people's lives and health outcomes. Analyzing the successes of and challenges to using human rights frameworks for health, Yamin charts what can be learned from these experiences, from conceptualization to implementation, setting out explicit assumptions about how we can create social transformation. The ultimate concern ofPower, Suffering, and the Struggle for Dignityis to promote movement from analysis to action, so that we can begin to use human rights frameworks to effect meaningful social change in global health, and beyond.
Work that has been done in low-income countries to build health systems that can respond to AIDS and TB (as well as other acute and chronic diseases) shows that with adequate resources, we can ...improve care delivery, sharply reducing morbidity and mortality.
More than four decades after one U.S. Surgeon General reportedly declared it “time to close the book on infectious diseases,” drug-resistant pathogens have diminished the effectiveness of once-potent therapies.
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In the past three decades, newly described pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, and the H1N1 influenza virus, have caused pandemics, while old scourges from tuberculosis to cholera have persisted or resurged. Simultaneously, rising life expectancy and rapid social change have led to an increasing burden of chronic diseases for which we have effective therapies but inadequate innovation for delivering them efficiently to . . .
To help them through this arduous treatment, physicians and nurses trained community health workers, provided nutritional, economic, and psychosocial support, and invested in medications to ease ...these side-effects.2 These approaches resulted in outcomes that were far better than predicted, and helped change the dogma that, among people of low socioeconomic status, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis need be a death sentence.3 Some of those cured, even after enduring severe toxicities, became praiseworthy advocates for those facing the same grim prospects. When considered in context with other data from prospective clinical trials, these results argue strongly for the inclusion of bedaquiline and linezolid in treatment for almost any patient with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, along with better tolerated later-generation fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin or moxifloxacin. ...although this study can compare the relative effectiveness of specific drug combinations, it remains difficult to infer what might be the safest and most effective ones, and the ideal duration of therapy for incident and chronic cases of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.
This paper quantitatively examines the intergenerational effects of girl child marriage, or the developmental and health outcomes of children born to women who marry before age 18. The overall ...objective is to understand the mechanisms through which girl child marriage affects the health and well-being of children in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the relative magnitude and impact of these mechanisms. We used data from 37,558 mother-child pairs identified through 16 national and sub-national cross-sectional surveys across sub-Saharan Africa conducted between 2010 and 2014 by the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Clusters Survey program. The Early Childhood Development Index was used to measure child development, and stunting was used to measure health. Using logistic regression, we found that the odds of being off-track for development and being stunted were 25% and 29% higher, respectively, for children born to women who married before age 18 compared to those whose mothers married later (p < 0.001). Geographic location and primary education, which were conceptualized as contextual factors, explained most of this relationship, controlling for country fixed-effects. In adjusted models, we found that early childbearing was not the sole pathway through which girl child marriage affected child development and health. Our final models revealed that disparities in advanced maternal education and wealth explained child development and stunting. We conclude that there are intergenerational consequences of girl child marriage on her child's well-being, and that through association with other contextual, socioeconomic, and biological factors, marrying early does matter for child development and health. Our findings resonate with existing literature and point toward important policy considerations for improving early childhood outcomes.
•Uniquely examines how girl child marriage affects child development and stunting.•Provides framework to conceptualize how girl child marriage affects child well-being.•Focuses on mechanisms explaining child outcomes associated with girl child marriage.•Reveals that early childbearing alone does not explain poor child outcomes.•Contributes to understanding health and rights issue in sub-Saharan Africa.
Summary Background More than 2 billion people are unable to receive surgical care based on operating theatre density alone. The vision of the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery is universal access ...to safe, affordable surgical and anaesthesia care when needed. We aimed to estimate the number of individuals worldwide without access to surgical services as defined by the Commission's vision. Methods We modelled access to surgical services in 196 countries with respect to four dimensions: timeliness, surgical capacity, safety, and affordability. We built a chance tree for each country to model the probability of surgical access with respect to each dimension, and from this we constructed a statistical model to estimate the proportion of the population in each country that does not have access to surgical services. We accounted for uncertainty with one-way sensitivity analyses, multiple imputation for missing data, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Findings At least 4·8 billion people (95% posterior credible interval 4·6–5·0 67%, 64–70) of the world's population do not have access to surgery. The proportion of the population without access varied widely when stratified by epidemiological region: greater than 95% of the population in south Asia and central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to care, whereas less than 5% of the population in Australasia, high-income North America, and western Europe lack access. Interpretation Most of the world's population does not have access to surgical care, and access is inequitably distributed. The near absence of access in many low-income and middle-income countries represents a crisis, and as the global health community continues to support the advancement of universal health coverage, increasing access to surgical services will play a central role in ensuring health care for all. Funding None.
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