Wildlife includes undomesticated native species of animals and plants of a region and all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. All game species, both birds ...and mammals, that are hunted for food and sport are also included. They can be found in all ecosystems and are protected for many reasons. Many national and international organizations, including the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the United Nations, are working to support global animal and habitat conservation, working with governments to establish and protect public lands such as national parks and wildlife refuges, helping to draft legislation to protect various species, and working with law enforcement to prosecute wildlife crimes such as trafficking, illegal hunting, and poaching.
The butterflies are the most beautiful and colorful insects of the world. Which attract most of the animals for their food easily available. The present research were conducted at Tehsil Tangi, ...Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during August 2014 to May 2015. The family Pieridae were collected with the help of insects net and naked hands. A total of 8 species and 6 genera were collected, i.e., Common or lemon emigrant, Catopsilia ponoma Fabricius; Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus; Clouded yellow, Colias fieldii Fabricius; Common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus; Eastern pale clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate Esper; Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Sparrman; Indian little orange tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval; Pioneer white or African caper white, Belonias aurota Fabricius. Aims of the present research the characteristics of butterfly fauna from Tehsil Tangi, are helpful in awareness, education and further research. A detail study is required for further exploration of butterflies' fauna of Tehsil Tangi.
This book contains seven chapters divided into two sections. The first section is "Lepidoptera Systematics." It covers introduction classification and external and internal morphology. It also ...includes the importance and modern approaches of Lepidoptera collection curation and data management. It also describes molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Lepidoptera for ecological and evolutionary studies. The second section, "Lepidoptera as a Model for Research," describes eyespot color pattern formation mechanism in the peacock pansy, Junonia almana (L.). The complete mitochondrial genome of the American potato tuberworm, Tecia solanivora (Povolny), is presented to study a mitogenome in insects. Lepidoptera are sensitive to physical and climatic changes. Therefore, their taxocenotic and biocenotic study was conducted in three environments, i.e., the grassland, forest, and ecotone of Rucamanque, a forest remnant.
This book is compiled of 24 Chapters divided into 4 Sections. Section A focuses on toxicity of organic and inorganic insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, toxicity of fenitrothion and ...permethrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Section B is dedicated to vector control using insecticides, biological control of mosquito larvae by Bacillus thuringiensis, metabolism of pyrethroids by mosquito cytochrome P40 susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti, etc. Section C describes bioactive natural products from sapindacea, management of potato pests, flower thrips, mango mealy bug, pear psylla, grapes pests, small fruit production, boll weevil and tsetse fly using insecticides. Section D provides information on insecticide resistance in natural population of malaria vector, role of Anopheles gambiae P450 cytochrome, genetic toxicological profile of carbofuran and pirimicarp carbamic insecticides, etc. The subject matter in this book should attract the reader's concern to support rational decisions regarding the use of pesticides.
This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal ...inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.
This book contains 30 Chapters divided into 5 Sections. Section A covers integrated pest management, alternative insect control strategies, ecological impact of insecticides as well as pesticides and ...drugs of forensic interest. Section B is dedicated to chemical control and health risks, applications for insecticides, metabolism of pesticides by human cytochrome p450, etc. Section C provides biochemical analyses of action of chlorfluazuron, pest control effects on seed yield, chemical ecology, quality control, development of ideal insecticide, insecticide resistance, etc. Section D reviews current analytical methods, electroanalysis of insecticides, insecticide activity and secondary metabolites. Section E provides data contributing to better understanding of biological control through Bacillus sphaericus and B. thuringiensis, entomopathogenic nematodes insecticides, vector-borne disease, etc. The subject matter in this book should attract the reader's concern to support rational decisions regarding the use of pesticides.
The spiders (Arthropoada: Arachenida) are one of the groups of grasping animals. Their carapaces are found on the dorsal side of the cephalothorax, which is an important characteristic of spiders. ...The present study was conducted to explore the first recorded spider species (nti=75) of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The 10 genera with 10 species under 7 families were recorded from June 2013-July 2014. According to length of legs, the largest spider was the huntsman spider, Halconia insignis Thorell having length of the first leg was 1.9+-0.20, however, the same of the last leg was 1.44+-0.25 (n=9). In the same contest, the smallest spider was the ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg having length of the first leg was 0.4+-0.08, while the same of the last leg was 0.4+-0.08 (n=3). According to length of cephalothorax and abdomen, the largest spider was the wolf spider, Hippasa partita Takidar having length of the cephalothorax was 1.1+-0.01, however, the same of the abdomen was 0.7+-0.1 (n=6). In the same contest, the smallest spider was the harvestmen, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall having length of the cephalothorax was 0.1+-0.04, while the same of the abdomen was 0.3+-0.04 (n=12). During present research, 10 spider species of Sheringal with different sizes were explored. The present research will be useful to educate and create awareness about spiders in the people of Sheringal.
Sublethal doses (LD₁₀: 1.00 ng larva⁻¹; or LD₃₀: 3.75 ng larva⁻¹) of chlorfluazuron were applied topically to the cuticles of newly moulted fifth instars of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) ...(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). During mating, the treated males transferred spermatophores of a significantly lower weight into females. The weight of spermatophores transferred by LD₃₀-treated males was significantly lower than the weight of spermatophores transferred by LD₁₀-treated males, which was in turn significantly lower than the weight of spermatophores transferred by untreated males. The transfer of spermatophores was delayed by 5-15 min in LD₁₀- and LD₃₀-treated males. However, mating duration was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment. The transfer of spermatozoa was also delayed by 5-10 min in LD₁₀- and LD₃₀-treated females. Polygynous male adults mated an average of ten times during their lifespan of 11-13 days when paired every day with a new virgin female of the same age. The number of matings per polygynous male was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment, but the first mating was delayed by 1 day. The number of inseminated sperm found in the spermatophore averaged 10.3 (± 2.1) x 10⁵ over the lifespan of a male, in which the number of eupyrene sperm was 5.4 (± 1.1) x 10⁵. The number of inseminated eupyrene sperm decreased by 66% and 88%, respectively, in LD₁₀- and LD₃₀-treated males. No significant reduction in the number of inseminated eupyrene sperm was observed when females were treated with LD₁₀ or LD₃₀ doses, nor was there a significant reduction when both sexes were treated with the LD₁₀ or LD₃₀ doses relative to treatment of males with the same doses. The ratio of inseminated eupyrene to apyrene sperm was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment.
The role of aldose reductase (ALR), the key enzyme of the polyol pathway, has been firmly established in hyperglycemia-induced diabetic complications. Therefore, the present study focused on the ...screening of phytochemicals reported in Coccinia grandis against ALR using in-silico methodologies encompassing molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, molecular dynamic simulation, free energy calculation (MMGBSA), and quantum mechanics. A comprehensive array of 101 compounds from C. grandis documented in IMPPAT database and different literatures have been selected in this study. These compounds were meticulously docked with the ALR (PDB ID: 1EL3), yielding docking scores spanning a range of −5.8 to −11.0 kcal/mol compared to the positive control epalrestat with a score of −7.9kcal/mol. Among them, four compounds have been emerged as the most promising ALR inhibitors: tiliroside, lukianol B, formononetin, and trachelogenin, with docking scores of −11.0, −10.7, −10.4, and −10.2, respectively. Importantly, these compounds exhibited notable stability throughout 100 ns dynamic simulations compared to the control drug, aligning with Lipinski's rule of 5, standard ADME properties, and evincing an absence of anomalous toxic effects. Therefore, these compounds hold great promise as leads to the development of potent ALR inhibitors; however, further studies are needed to warrant their uses in ameliorating diabetic complications.
Phytochemicals reported from C. grandis interfere the polyol pathway by inhibiting aldose reductase enzyme. Display omitted
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