As the biology surrounding the nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma (RORγ or RORc) continues to evolve, significant effort has been invested in discovering modulators ...of this potentially important target for the treatment of metabolic and immunological diseases. Several major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have disclosed RORc inhibitors or partnered with other players in the field. In this perspective, we discuss both the biology and the underlying structural biology of RORc, and summarize the RORc modulators disclosed in the scientific and patent literature.
The Ras gene is frequently mutated in cancer, and mutant Ras drives tumorigenesis. Although Ras is a central oncogene, small molecules that bind to Ras in a well-defined manner and exert inhibitory ...effects have not been uncovered to date. Through an NMR-based fragment screen, we identified a group of small molecules that all bind to a common site on Ras. High-resolution cocrystal structures delineated a unique ligand-binding pocket on the Ras protein that is adjacent to the switch I/II regions and can be expanded upon compound binding. Structure analysis predicts that compound-binding interferes with the Ras/SOS interactions. Indeed, selected compounds inhibit SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange and prevent Ras activation by blocking the formation of intermediates of the exchange reaction. The discovery of a small-molecule binding pocket on Ras with functional significance provides a new direction in the search of therapeutically effective inhibitors of the Ras oncoprotein.
Suzuki coupling of 7 to 8 gave the biphenyl derivative 9. Reaction of 9 with ethyl vinyl ether/bromine/base gave 10, which on treatment with CsF/DMF at 130 °C resulted in the cross-conjugated ...2,5-cyclohexadienone 6. Acid hydrolysis of 6 gave 11, which was reductively aminated to give (±)-narwedine 2. Since 2 has been converted into (−)-galanthamine 1 in two steps, this synthesis proceeds in eight steps with an overall yield of 63%. Also treatment of the cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone 6 with nitromethane/base gave 12, which was reduced to provide 13. Reduction of the nitro group in 13 to an amine, followed by reductive amination under acidic conditions, arrives at the codeine skeleton 15. Elaboration of 15 into (±)-codeine proceeds via the previously unknown α-epoxide derivative 18. This is the shortest synthesis of codeine (13 steps, 20% overall yield) and, for the first time, allows access to codeine without having to reduce codeinone.
The structure–activity relationships of T0901317 analogs were explored as RORc inverse agonists using the principles of property- and structure-based drug design. An X-ray co-crystal structure of ...T0901317 and RORc was obtained and provided molecular insight into why T0901317 functioned as an inverse agonist of RORc; whereas, the same ligand functioned as an agonist of FXR, LXR, and PXR. The structural data was also used to design inhibitors with improved RORc biochemical and cellular activities. The improved inhibitors possessed enhanced selectivity profiles (rationalized using the X-ray crystallographic data) against other nuclear receptors.
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The nuclear receptor (NR) retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ, RORc, or NR1F3) is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. RORc is a ...critical regulator in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17. We discovered a series of potent and selective imidazo1,5-apyridine and -pyrimidine RORc inverse agonists. The most potent compounds displayed >300-fold selectivity for RORc over the other ROR family members, PPARγ, and NRs in our cellular selectivity panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, and physiochemical properties of GNE-0946 (9) and GNE-6468 (28), in addition to their potent suppression of IL-17 production in human primary cells, support their use as chemical biology tools to further explore the role of RORc in human biology.
A 2-amino-5-aryl-pyrazine was identified as an inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) via a biochemical screening campaign. Biochemical and biophysical experiments demonstrated that the ...compound specifically interacted with human LDHA. Structural variation of the screening hit resulted in improvements in LDHA biochemical inhibition and pharmacokinetic properties. A crystal structure of an improved compound bound to human LDHA was also obtained and it explained many of the observed structure–activity relationships.
T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells that produce the cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. The differentiation of TH17 cells is ...regulated by transcription factors such as RORγt, but post-translational mechanisms preventing the rampant production of pro-inflammatory IL-17A have received less attention. Here we show that the deubiquitylating enzyme DUBA is a negative regulator of IL-17A production in T cells. Mice with DUBA-deficient T cells developed exacerbated inflammation in the small intestine after challenge with anti-CD3 antibodies. DUBA interacted with the ubiquitin ligase UBR5, which suppressed DUBA abundance in naive T cells. DUBA accumulated in activated T cells and stabilized UBR5, which then ubiquitylated RORγt in response to TGF-β signalling. Our data identify DUBA as a cell-intrinsic suppressor of IL-17 production.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A novel 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-containing inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was identified by high-throughput screening (IC50=8.1μM). Biochemical, surface plasmon resonance, ...and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments indicated that the compound specifically associated with human LDHA in a manner that required simultaneous binding of the NADH co-factor. Structural variation of the screening hit resulted in significant improvements in LDHA biochemical inhibition activity (best IC50=0.48μM). A crystal structure of an optimized compound bound to human LDHA was obtained and explained many of the observed structure–activity relationships.
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORc, RORγ, or NR1F3) is a nuclear receptor that plays a major role in the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Considerable efforts have been directed ...toward the discovery of selective RORc inverse agonists as potential treatments of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using the previously reported tertiary sulfonamide 1 as a starting point, we engineered structural modifications that significantly improved human and rat metabolic stabilities while maintaining a potent and highly selective RORc inverse agonist profile. The most advanced δ-sultam compound, GNE-3500 (27, 1-{4-3-fluoro-4-((3S,6R)-3-methyl-1,1-dioxo-6-phenyl-1,2thiazinan-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl}-ethanone), possessed favorable RORc cellular potency with 75-fold selectivity for RORc over other ROR family members and >200-fold selectivity over 25 additional nuclear receptors in a cell assay panel. The favorable potency, selectivity, in vitro ADME properties, in vivo PK, and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-17 in a PK/PD model support the evaluation of 27 in preclinical studies.
Palladium(0)-catalyzed conditions for the α-arylation of sultams with aryl and heteroaryl iodides have been developed. Arylation of 3-substituted 1,3-propanesultams gave rise to high yields and high ...diastereomeric ratios, leading to the thermodynamically favored cis product. The arylation was broadly applicable to various electron-rich and electron-poor (hetero)aromatic iodides.
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