Infectious diseases prevalent in humans and animals are caused by pathogens that once emerged from other animal hosts. In addition to these established infections, new infectious diseases ...periodically emerge. In extreme cases they may cause pandemics such as COVID-19; in other cases, dead-end infections or smaller epidemics result. Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic. Disease emergence reflects dynamic balances and imbalances, within complex globally distributed ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment. Understanding these variables is a necessary step in controlling future devastating disease emergences.
Understanding the dynamic balance and interplay between complex and global ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment provides perspectives on how we got to the COVID-19 pandemic.
HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the most recent 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza are only a few of many examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern world 1; each of ...these diseases has caused global societal and economic impact related to unexpected illnesses and deaths, as well as interference with travel, business, and many normal life activities. Examples of Newly Emerging Infectious Diseases The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold Paules, Catharine I; Marston, Hilary D; Fauci, Anthony S
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
02/2020, Letnik:
323, Številka:
8
Journal Article
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The emergence of the pathogenic human coronaviruses SARS-Cov and MERS-CoV is described to stimulate conversation on public health strategies necessary to contain the threat of 2019-nCoV. The ...trajectory of the outbreak is impossible to predict. Those strategies will be the standpoint from which effective countermeasures will be developed and implemented in a timely manner.
The explosive pandemic of Zika virus infection in South and Central America is the most recent of four unexpected arrivals of important arthropod-borne viral diseases in the Western Hemisphere over ...the past 20 years. Is this an important new disease-emergence pattern?
The explosive pandemic of Zika virus infection occurring throughout South America, Central America, and the Caribbean (see map) and potentially threatening the United States is the most recent of four unexpected arrivals of important arthropod-borne viral diseases in the Western Hemisphere over the past 20 years. It follows dengue, which entered this hemisphere stealthily over decades and then more aggressively in the 1990s; West Nile virus, which emerged in 1999; and chikungunya, which emerged in 2013. Are the successive migrations of these viruses unrelated, or do they reflect important new patterns of disease emergence? Furthermore, are there secondary health consequences . . .
An outbreak of Ebola virus disease has jolted West Africa, claiming more than 1000 lives. As the disease's spread gains attention, health professionals and the public struggle to comprehend the ...unfolding dynamics and separate misinformation and speculation from truth.
An outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) has jolted West Africa, claiming more than 1000 lives since the virus emerged in Guinea in early 2014 (see figure). The rapidly increasing numbers of cases in the African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have had public health authorities on high alert throughout the spring and summer. More recent events including the spread of EVD to Nigeria (Africa's most populous country) and the recent evacuation to the United States of two American health care workers with EVD have captivated the world's attention and concern. Health professionals and the general public are . . .
The story behind COVID-19 vaccines Fauci, Anthony S
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
04/2021, Letnik:
372, Številka:
6538
Journal Article
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Amid the staggering amount of suffering and death during this historic pandemic of COVID-19, a remarkable success story stands out. The development of several highly efficacious vaccines against a ...previously unknown viral pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in less than 1 year from the identification of the virus is unprecedented in the history of vaccinology. A frequently asked question is how such an extraordinary accomplishment could have been realized in such a short time frame, when timelines for other vaccines are measured in years if not decades. In fact, concern about this truncated timeline has contributed in part to the hesitancy in accepting these vaccines. What is not fully appreciated is that the starting point of the timeline for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was not 10 January 2020, when the Chinese published the genetic sequence of the virus. Rather, it began decades earlier, out of the spotlight.
As he prepares to step down from the NIAID after 54 years, Dr. Anthony Fauci reflects on the evolution of his field and cautions that emerging infectious diseases are truly a perpetual challenge.
Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic Eisinger, Robert Walter; Fauci, Anthony S
Emerging infectious diseases,
03/2018, Letnik:
24, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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The goal of ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is theoretically achievable and would require addressing this global health catastrophe on individual and global levels by providing optimal prevention ...strategies and treatment regimens for individual persons living with or at risk for HIV, as well as ending the pandemic as an epidemiologic and global health phenomenon. However, from a practical standpoint, the pathway to ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic will be difficult and will require aggressive implementation of the biomedical research advances that have been made in the areas of treatment and prevention; development of additional tools, such as a moderately effective HIV vaccine; and attention to critical behavioral and social determinants. An end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic can be achieved only with provision of sustained and additional resources at the local, regional, national, and global levels.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article discusses the need for an HIV vaccine as one of the means for ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Some of the advances made in this direction are highlighted. The important impact that an ...anti-HIV vaccine that is 50-60% effective could have on the trajectory of the epidemic is included.
B‐cell responses to HIV infection Moir, Susan; Fauci, Anthony S.
Immunological reviews,
January 2017, 2017-01-00, 20170101, Letnik:
275, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Summary
The induction of neutralizing antibodies directed against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has received considerable attention in recent years, in part driven by renewed interest and ...opportunities for antibody‐based strategies for prevention such as passive transfer of antibodies and the development of preventive vaccines, as well as immune‐based therapeutic interventions. Advances in the ability to screen, isolate, and characterize HIV‐specific antibodies have led to the identification of a new generation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The majority of these antibodies have been isolated from B cells of chronically HIV‐infected individuals with detectable viremia. In this review, we provide insight into the phenotypic and functional attributes of human B cells, with a focus on HIV‐specific memory B cells and plasmablasts/cells that are responsible for sustaining humoral immune responses against HIV. We discuss the abnormalities in B cells that occur in HIV infection both in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, especially in the setting of persisting viremia. Finally, we consider the opportunities and drawbacks of intensively interrogating antibodies isolated from HIV‐infected individuals to guide strategies aimed at developing effective antibody‐based vaccine and therapeutic interventions for HIV.
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