We present an improved method for the precise reconstruction of cosmic-ray air showers above 1017 eV with sparse radio arrays. The method is based on the comparison of measured pulses to predictions ...for radio pulse shapes by CoREAS simulations. We applied our method to the data of Tunka-Rex, a 1 km2 radio array in Siberia operating in the frequency band of 30–80 MHz. Tunka-Rex is triggered by the air-Cherenkov detector Tunka-133 and by scintillators (Tunka-Grande). The instrument collects air-shower data since 2012. The present paper describes an updated data analysis of Tunka-Rex and details of the new method applied. After quality cuts, when Tunka-Rex reaches its full efficiency, the energy resolution of about 10% given by the new method has reached the limit of systematic uncertainties due to the calibration uncertainty and shower-to-shower fluctuations. At the same time the shower maximum reconstruction has improved compared to the previous method based on the slope of the lateral distribution and reaches a precision of better than 35 g/cm2. We also define conditions of the measurements at which the shower maximum resolution of Tunka-Rex reaches a value of 25 g/cm2 and becomes competitive to optical detectors. To check and validate our reconstruction and efficiency cuts we compare individual events to the reconstruction of Tunka-133. Furthermore, we compare the mean of the shower maximum as a function of primary energy to the measurements of other experiments.
Widely used in neuroscience the averaging of event related potentials is based on the assumption that small responses to the investigated events are present in every trial but can be hidden under the ...random noise. This situation often takes place, especially in experiments performed at hierarchically lower levels of sensory systems. However, in the studies of higher order complex neuronal networks evoked responses might appear only under particular conditions and be absent otherwise. We encountered this problem studying a propagation of interoceptive information to the cortical areas in the sleep-wake cycle. Cortical responses to various visceral events were present during some periods of sleep, then disappeared for a while and restored again after a period of absence. Further investigation of the viscero-cortical communication required a method that would allow labeling the trials contributing to the averaged event related responses-"efficient trials," and separating them from the trials without any response. Here we describe a heuristic approach to solving this problem in the context of viscero-cortical interactions occurring during sleep. However, we think that the proposed technique can be applicable to any situation where neuronal processing of the same events is expected to be variable due to internal or external factors modulating neuronal activity. The method was first implemented as a script for Spike 2 program version 6.16 (CED). However, at present a functionally equivalent version of this algorithm is also available as Matlab code at https://github.com/george-fedorov/erp-correlations.
The paper deals with the peculiarities connected with energy efficiency and power conservation measures in power supply systems of industrial enterprises. The purposes and objectives of the research ...conventionally divided into several areas: electric networks, electric drive, control and monitoring of energy consumption. The current state of energy and resource efficiency at industrial enterprises is described. The scientific literature of Russian and foreign authors working in this field is analyzed. The objects of research which are a mine and a processing plant for the extraction and processing of diamondiferous raw material are identified. The methods of mathematical modeling and instrumental monitoring are applied to analyze energy efficiency and power conservation. The region power supply system, automated (frequency-controlled) electric drive of processing units of mining enterprises, automated systems for monitoring and management of enterprises' production processes are considered in the paper in details. The methods with a significant contribution to power conservation and energy efficiency of mining enterprises developed by the authors are presented. The conclusions on the prospects of future research in the field of energy efficiency and power conservation at mining enterprises are made.
The zinc-finger protein tristetraprolin (TTP) binds to AU-rich elements present in the 3′ untranslated regions of transcripts that mainly encode proteins of the inflammatory response. TTP-bound mRNAs ...are targeted for destruction via recruitment of the eight-subunit deadenylase complex “carbon catabolite repressor protein 4 (CCR4)-negative on TATA-less (NOT),” which catalyzes the removal of mRNA poly-(A) tails, the first obligatory step in mRNA decay. Here we show that a novel interaction between TTP and the CCR4-NOT subunit, CNOT9, is required for recruitment of the deadenylase complex. In addition to CNOT1, CNOT9 is now included in the identified CCR4-NOT subunits shown to interact with TTP. We find that both the N- and C-terminal domains of TTP are involved in an interaction with CNOT9. Through a combination of SPOT peptide array, site-directed mutagenesis, and bio-layer interferometry, we identified several conserved tryptophan residues in TTP that serve as major sites of interaction with two tryptophan-binding pockets of CNOT9, previously found to interact with another modulator GW182. We further demonstrate that these interactions are also required for recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex and TTP-directed decay of an mRNA containing an AU-rich element in its 3′-untranslated region. Together the results reveal new molecular details for the TTP-CNOT interaction that shape an emerging mechanism whereby TTP targets inflammatory mRNAs for deadenylation and decay.
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•TTP targets inflammatory mRNA for degradation by interacting with CCR4-CNOT complex.•We identified one subunit of the complex, CNOT9, as a novel interactor of TTP.•TTP binds using conserved Trp residues to CNOT9 regions common to other modulators.•Trp-mediated interactions with CNOT9 are essential to TTP-mediated decay.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the principles of designing a research centre for urban landscaping. It gives the definition of the objects of this typology and justifies the need for the ...implementation of such complexes in modern highly urbanised cities, based on environmental and social prerequisites. The article also considers the principles of the placement of such a centre, determines the composition of the main functional zones and outlines the main strategies of its activity. As a result, models of functional blocks are proposed – the principles of space-planning formation inherent in a complex of such a profile.
The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) embedded in the solar wind interacts with the Martian crustal magnetic field and atmosphere. The IMF orientation is one of the important parameters to control ...the acceleration and precipitation of planetary heavy ions (PHIs). We statistically investigate the effects of the IMF orientation on PHI precipitations toward the ionosphere based on observations by Mars Express (MEX). We identified 59 PHI precipitation events between July 2007 and September 2009. To estimate the IMF orientation without magnetometer that MEX does not carry, we used the velocity distribution of exospheric‐origin pickup protons. We estimated the IMF orientation without its polarity for 10 events. The results show that the precipitations of PHIs tend to be observed around pole regions in the MSE (Mars‐centered, solar electrical) coordinates determined from the solar wind electric field (Esw), in which the pole axis directs to the parallel or antiparallel to Esw due to the ambiguity in the IMF polarity determination. The observed precipitating PHIs are accelerated only up to a few keV. This feature may reflect the short distance from the picked‐up region. For one of these 10 events, we estimated the IMF polarity by comparing the velocity distribution of exospheric‐origin pickup protons observed by MEX with those obtained from statistical trajectory tracing simulations under two cases of possible IMF polarity conditions. The estimated polarity indicates that the PHI precipitation in this event is observed in the downward electric field hemisphere in MSE, where Esw points to Mars in the pole region.
Key Points
We estimate the IMF orientation from ring ions obtained by MEX/IMA.
Precipitating ions are observed around the pole regions in the MSE coordinates.
Observed precipitation asymmetry supports previous numerical simulations.
Background Previously we have shown that, during sleep, electrical and magnetic stimulation of areas of the stomach and small intestine evoked neuronal and EEG responses in various cortical areas. ...In this study we wanted to correlate natural myoelectrical activity of the duodenum with cortical neuronal activity, and to investigate whether there is a causal link between them during periods of slow‐wave sleep.
Methods We have recorded the myoelectrical activity from the wall of the duodenum and activity of single neurons from three cortical visual areas in naturally sleeping cats and investigated causal interrelationship between these structures during slow‐wave sleep.
Key Results About 30% of the cortical neurons studied changed their firing rate dependent on the phases of the peristaltic cycle and demonstrated selectivity to particular pattern of duodenal myoelectrical activity during slow‐wave sleep. This interrelationship was never seen when awake.
Conclusions & Inferences This observation supports the hypothesis that, during sleep, the cerebral cortex switches from processing of exteroceptive and proprioceptive information to processing of interoceptive information.
High energy astrophysics has been actively developed since the last decades. The photons and neutrinos produced at astrophysical sources were detected up to energies of PeV, while the measured ...spectrum of cosmic rays lasts from GeV to ZeV energies. The challenges of modern detectors are not only pushing towards higher energies to reach the cosmic acceleration limit, but also increasing the resolution of the reconstruction of the energy, arrival direction and the type of the cosmic particle. Due to low flux of these particles, their detection is feasible only by measurement of air-showers, atmospheric cascades of secondary particles induced by the primary one. One of the promising methods of the air-shower detection is the sparse digital radio arrays, a young, but cost-effective technique aimed at the cosmic particles with energies beyond PeV. The future detectors aimed at detection of cosmic rays, photons and neutrinos of extreme energies are based on the antenna arrays located either in ice or on mountain slopes. The latter are sensitive both to downward-directional air-showers induced by cosmic rays, and upward-going ones produced by skimming neutrinos interacting with rock. The prototyping of such an array requires appropriate location (high-altitude mountains) with corresponding infrastructure and ideally additional cosmic-ray detector for the cross-calibration of antennas. The-Tien Shan High-altitude Scientific Station (TSHSS) located near Almaty, Kazakhstan, and equipped with air-shower instruments, is an ideal place for this prototype. In this work we discuss the prospects of the radio technique, its current challenges and report the recent advances of the prototype radio installations at TSHSS.
The study of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays, neutrinos and gamma rays is one of the most important challenges in astrophysics. The low fluxes of these particles do not allow one to detect them ...directly. The detection is performed by the measuring of the air-showers produced by the primary particles in the Earth's atmosphere. A radio detection of ultra-high energy air-showers is a cost-effective technique that provides a precise reconstruction of the parameters of primary particle and almost full duty cycle in comparison with other methods. The main challenge of the modern radio detectors is the development of efficient self-trigger technology, resistant to high-level background and radio frequency interference. Most of the modern radio detectors receive trigger generated by either particle or optical detectors. The development of the self trigger for the radio detector will significantly simplify the operation of existing instruments and allow one to access the main advantages of the radio method as well as open the way to the construction of the next generation of large-scale radio detectors. In the present work we discuss our progress in the solution of this problem, particularly the classification of broadband pulses.
Combating crime should be based on the principles of criminological science. Therefore, the formation of the theory of criminology remains an urgent need. And the development of information methods ...for the study of crime is one of the primary tasks of specialists.The task of the article is to substantiate the expediency of applying a systematic approach to the study of information methods for the study of crime in criminological science. The purpose of the article is to form the basis of the criminological theory of crime prevention measures.The following elements are asserted as the subject of criminological science: 1) toolkit of criminological research; 2) crime; 3) determination of criminality; 4) the identity of the criminal; 5) mechanism of individual criminal behavior; 6) crime prevention.The methodological basis of the research is the understanding of the global mega system, where the informational aspect is always manifested in the objectification of material and energy processes. Here, all processes are based on information, and the organization, functionality and interaction of system objects are determined by information.The system approach is a direction of research, and study of the world, which is based on considering objects as a system, focusing on revealing the integrity of the object, identifying the variety of connections in it, and bringing them to a single theoretical picture. It is the systematic approach that is an adequate cognitive tool for the systemic nature of the universe.Science in general, and criminological science in particular, represents a union of scientific activity and its informational result. Regarding the informational result of criminological science, we are talking about criminological information.It is considered reasonable to define criminology as a scientific activity of processing criminological information to obtain new knowledge. This activity is part of the systemic World, so it has a systemic nature and the tools of the systemic approach can be applied to it. First of all, about the research of information methods for the study of crime.It is considered a reasonable possibility of using information methods in criminology. Prospective areas of such work will be:1) detection of crime trends and measures to prevent it;2) modeling of criminogenic processes and law enforcement measures;3) criminological prognosis.Improvement of digital criminological methods in the future will be carried out primarily through the use of «artificial intelligence» technologies.
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