RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) is generally paused at promoter-proximal regions in most metazoans, and based on in vitro studies, this function has been attributed to the negative elongation factor ...(NELF). Here, we show that upon rapid depletion of NELF, RNA Pol II fails to be released into gene bodies, stopping instead around the +1 nucleosomal dyad-associated region. The transition to the 2nd pause region is independent of positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. During the heat shock response, RNA Pol II is rapidly released from pausing at heat shock-induced genes, while most genes are paused and transcriptionally downregulated. Both of these aspects of the heat shock response remain intact upon NELF loss. We find that NELF depletion results in global loss of cap-binding complex from chromatin without global reduction of nascent transcript 5′ cap stability. Thus, our studies implicate NELF functioning in early elongation complexes distinct from RNA Pol II pause-release.
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•Acute NELF depletion reveals 2-step pausing of RNA Pol II at promoters•The 1st-to-2nd pausing transition is independent of P-TEFb/SEC activity•The heat shock response remains intact in the absence of NELF•NELF recruits the cap-binding complex with modest effects on 5′ cap stability
Metazoan RNA Pol II-transcribed genes exhibit post-initiation regulation called pausing. Aoi et al. find that loss of the protein complex thought to maintain pausing, NELF, does not result in global release of RNA Pol II but instead may regulate other promoter-proximal regulatory steps such as 5′ mRNA cap stability.
Background The concepts of quality of life and family quality of life (FQOL) are increasingly being studied in the field of intellectual disabilities (ID) in China as important frameworks for: (1) ...assessing families' need for supports and services; (2) guiding organisational and service delivery system changes; and (3) evaluating quality family outcomes. The present study focused on exploring the perceptions of Chinese families who have a child with an ID regarding FQOL as well as examining the factor structure of FQOL concept from Chinese families.
Methods The Chinese version of the Family Quality of Life Scale was used to survey Chinese families living in the urban and suburban areas of Beijing who have a child with ID. A total of 442 families participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure of FQOL. Multivariate analysis was also used to examine group differences among families in terms of family demographic variables.
Results A five‐factor structure of the FQOL construct was found in the Chinese sample, suggesting a similar factor structure found from US families in the literature. Different living conditions (e.g. housing and transportation) tended to affect significantly families' satisfaction ratings of their FQOL. It is also found that family income and severity of disability of the child are predictors of families' satisfaction ratings of FQOL.
Conclusion The preliminary findings of this study suggest a cross‐cultural factor structure comparability of FQOL between samples in the USA and China. Results call for further examination of the family‐centred service and support as a mediator on the interactive relationship between family characteristics, family needs and FQOL outcomes.
•Simulating a finite and uneven resource distribution and the survival, migration, reproduction and game behavior as organism.•Analyze the impact of finite and uneven resource distribution in the ...natural environment on cooperation behavior.•Poor resource will promote the survival and development of cooperative individuals.
Scholars explored cooperative behavior on different network; however they did not consider the resource distribution and consumption on them. In our work, we propose a kind of uneven resource distribution network model, in which players can consume finite resources to survive. In our model, firstly, there are four players, and then we imitate real organism behavior, such as eating, migration, game, leaning, and reproduction. Meanwhile, during this process, finite resource also decreases with players’ consumption. After numerical simulation, we find that defectors can occupy the most resource-rich areas at first, but they cannot survive in hostile area and decrease rapidly. While cooperators always keep growing. In addition, when resources decrease substantially, cooperative behavior can be promoted. This also sprouts new insights on survival and development of cooperative behavior.
Abstract
Aiming at the shortage of power and economy of a pure electric vehicle, the multi-objective immune algorithm is adopted to optimize the power index and the economy index with the maximum ...speed, 0 ∼ 50km / h and 50 ∼ 80km / h acceleration time and climbing slope as the power index and the endurance mileage as the economy index. In this paper, the main reducer ratio, the first gear ratio and the second gear ratio of the transmission are taken as variables, the dynamic and economic equations are taken as objective functions, and the multi-objective immune algorithm is used to obtain the three variables and other parameters satisfying the optimization of the function. Through the use of pure electric vehicle simulation software ADVISOR to input the optimized matching parameters, select 0∼80km/h and NEDC working conditions, and set the climbing and acceleration parameters, the simulation results show that: the maximum speed is increased by 22%, the acceleration time is increased by 5.8%, 21.4%, the climbing slope is increased by 22%, and the endurance mileage is increased by 3.1%.
Synopsis
Dandruff is a common complaint and is suffered by as much as half of the population at some time post puberty. The condition is characterized by the presence of flakes on the scalp and in ...the hair, and is often accompanied by itch. The most common treatment for dandruff is the use of shampoo formulations that contain fungistatic agents such as zinc pyrithione (ZPT) and octopirox. Whilst most antidandruff shampoos are effective in resolving the symptoms of dandruff these shampoos can often result in hair condition that is less than acceptable to consumers which can lead to a tendency for them to revert to use of a non‐antidandruff shampoo. This can result in a rapid return of dandruff symptoms.
The aim of this investigation was to study the impact of using a combination of antidandruff actives and silicones on the resolution of dandruff and to deliver superior sensory properties to the hair. We have demonstrated that shampoo containing the dual active system of ZPT/Climbazole deposits both active agents onto a model skin surface (VitroSkin) and reduces Malassezia furfur regrowth in vitro. Clinical evaluation of the dual active shampoo demonstrated superior efficacy and retained superiority during a regression phase where all subjects reverted to using a non‐antidandruff shampoo. We have also demonstrated that it is possible to deposit silicone materials from antidandruff shampoo uniformly over both virgin and damaged hair fibres that results in smoother hair fibres (as evidenced by reduced dry friction). This combination of antidandruff agents and conditioning silicones delivered from a shampoo provides subjects with superior antidandruff efficacy and desired end sensory benefits ensuring compliance and longer term dandruff removal.
Résumé
Les pellicules constituent un problème fréquent et concernent à peu près la moitié de la population à un moment post pubertaire. La condition est caractérisée par la présence de paillettes sur le cuir chevelu et les cheveux, et elle est souvent accompagnée de démangeaisons. Le traitement le plus courant pour les pellicules est l'utilisation de formulations de shampooing qui contiennent des agents fongistatiques comme le zinc pyrithione (ZPT) et octopirox. Alors que la plupart des shampooings antipelliculaires soient efficaces dans la résolution des symptômes des pellicules, ces shampooings peuvent souvent entraîner des états des cheveux non acceptables pour les consommateurs qui peuvent conduire à une tendance à revenir à l'utilisation d'un shampooing non‐antipelliculaire. Cela peut entraîner un retour rapide des symptômes de pellicules. Le but de cette étude était d'étudier l'impact de l'utilisation d'une combinaison de principes actifs antipelliculaires et silicones sur la résolution de pellicules et de fournir de meilleures propriétés sensorielles pour les cheveux. Nous avons démontré qu'un shampooing contenant le système dual active de ZPT/Climbazole dépose les deux agents actifs sur une surface de la peau du modèle (VitroSkin) et réduit la repousse de Malassezia furfur in vitro. L'évaluation clinique du shampooing double actif a montré une efficacité supérieure et a conservé une supériorité lors d'une phase de régression où tous les sujets étaient revenus à un shampoing non‐antipelliculaire. Nous avons également démontré qu'il est possible de déposer des matériaux en silicone d'un shampooing antipelliculaire uniformément sur les fibres capillaires vierges et/ou endommagées, ce qui se traduit par des fibres de cheveux lisses (comme on en témoigne par une réduction du frottement à sec). Cette combinaison d'agents antipelliculaires et silicones de conditionnement fournis à partir d'un shampooing apporte aux utilisateurs une efficacité antipelliculaire supérieure et les avantages sensoriels finaux souhaités, assurant l'utilisation durable et à long terme l'élimination des pellicules.
Storm surges are responsible for much of the damage and loss of life associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs). Thus, understanding the characteristics of risk associated with TC storm ...surges for the coastal regions of China is of great interest. Based on a comprehensive assessment of hazard indices for TC storm surges and vulnerability indices for coastal counties, we obtained a risk assessment for coastal regions of China as a county‐level unit. The hazard index was calculated using a model based on the parameters of a TC landfall frequency index (f) and maximum storm surge elevation (MSSE). The MSSE was calculated from the TC maximum sustained wind and tide gauge records using a regression function. Vulnerability indices were obtained from indices on socioeconomics, land use, the ecological environment, and resilience. From this study, it can be concluded that the hazard level of TC storm surges increases from north to south along the Chinese coast, the vulnerabilities have significant spatial heterogeneity, and coastal regions of China can be divided into four zones of risk level. The results of this study can provide scientific support for marine disaster mitigation and decision making. Additionally, the risk assessment methodology used here for storm surges could be extended and applied to other coastal areas.
Key Points
Developed a parametric representation of hazard on tropical storm surge
Estimated the vulnerabilities for coastal regions of China
Divided the coastal region of China into four risk level zones
The optimal treatment for tracheal tumors necessitates sequential tumor elimination and tracheal cartilage reconstruction. This study introduces an innovative inorganic nanosheet, MnO2/PDA@Cu, ...comprising manganese dioxide (MnO2) loaded with copper ions (Cu) through in situ polymerization using polydopamine (PDA) as an intermediary. Additionally, a specialized methacrylic anhydride modified decellularized cartilage matrix (MDC) hydrogel with chondrogenic effects is developed by modifying a decellularized cartilage matrix with methacrylic anhydride. The MnO2/PDA@Cu nanosheet is encapsulated within MDC‐derived microneedles, creating a photothermal‐controllable MnO2/PDA@Cu‐MDC microneedle. Effectiveness evaluation involved deep insertion of the MnO2/PDA@Cu‐MDC microneedle into tracheal orthotopic tumor in a murine model. Under 808 nm near‐infrared irradiation, facilitated by PDA, the microneedle exhibited rapid overheating, efficiently eliminating tumors. PDA's photothermal effects triggered controlled MnO2 and Cu release. The MnO2 nanosheet acted as a potent inorganic nanoenzyme, scavenging reactive oxygen species for an antioxidant effect, while Cu facilitated angiogenesis. This intervention enhanced blood supply at the tumor excision site, promoting stem cell enrichment and nutrient provision. The MDC hydrogel played a pivotal role in creating a chondrogenic niche, fostering stem cells to secrete cartilaginous matrix. In conclusion, the MnO2/PDA@Cu‐MDC microneedle is a versatile platform with photothermal control, sequentially combining antitumor, antioxidant, pro‐angiogenic, and chondrogenic activities to orchestrate precise tracheal tumor eradication and cartilage regeneration.
The figure showcases the intricate design of the MnO2/PDA@Cu‐MDC microneedle, illustrating its composite structure and the mechanism of action within the tracheal orthotopic tumor. A graphic representation highlights the nanosheet's multifunctionality, demonstrating the controlled release of MnO2 and Cu upon near‐infrared irradiation, fostering angiogenesis and facilitating cartilage regeneration amidst tumor eradication.
AbstractThe compressibility of municipal solid waste (MSW) is of engineering interest as it affects the short-term and long-term performance of landfills, as well as their expansion, closure, and ...postclosure development. An assessment of the field settlement behavior of MSW can be reliably executed only when the various mechanisms contributing to the settlement are properly taken into account. A comprehensive large-size experimental testing program that involved a total of 143 one-dimensional compression tests from five landfills, in Arizona, California, Michigan, and Texas of the United States as well as Greece was executed to systematically assess the compressibility characteristics of MSW subjected to a compressive load. Emphasis is given to the influence of waste structure, waste composition, unit weight, and confining stress on the compressibility parameters that are used in engineering practice, such as the constrained modulus and compression ratio, as well as long-term compression ratio due to mechanical creep only. The effect of waste composition and unit weight on the compressibility parameters is quantified. It is also found that the type of waste constituent (i.e., paper, plastic, or wood), as well as the waste’s anisotropic structure can have an effect on the compressibility characteristics of soil-waste mixtures. The proposed relationships can be used to estimate compressibility parameters of MSW at any degradation state as long as the waste composition and unit weight are known.
Embryo rescue technology plays an important role in seedless grape breeding. However, the efficiency of embryo rescue, including the embryo formation, germination, and seedling rates, is closely ...related to the parental genotypes, degree of abortion, growth medium, and plant growth regulators. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol (PAC), a plant growth regulator, and embryo collection times on the embryo formation, germination, and seedling rates for different hybrid combinations of grape breeding varieties used for their aroma and cold-resistance traits. The results showed that the different PAC concentrations had varying impacts on the development of ovules and embryos from the different grape varieties. The embryo formation rates of the 'Sultanina Rose'×'Beibinghong' and 'Kunxiang Seedless'×'Taishan-2' crosses were the highest under the 5.1 μmol L–1 PAC treatment. The 1.0 μmol L–1 PAC treatment was optimal for the germination and seedling development of the 'Sultanina Rose'×'Beibinghong' embryos, whereas the 0.2 μmol L–1 PAC treatment induced the highest germination rate for the 'Sultanina Rose'×'Kunxiang Seedless' cross. The optimal sampling times for each cross varied as 39 d after pollination (DAP) for the 'Flame Seedless'×'Muscat Hamburg' cross, 46 DAP for the 'Kunxiang Seedless'×'Beibinghong' cross, and 41 DAP for the 'Ruby Seedless'×'Beibinghong' and 'Fantasy Seedless'×'Shuangyou' crosses. Moreover, the medium modified with 0.5 g L–1 of indole-3-butyric acid allowed the malformed seedlings to develop into plantlets and achieve larger progenies. This study provides a useful basis for further studies into grape embryo rescue and could improve breeding efforts for new seedless grape varieties.
Abstract Background Previous studies showed improvement in heart function by injecting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) after AMI. Emerging evidence suggested that both the number and ...function of BMSCs decline with ageing. We designed a randomized, controlled trial to further investigate the safety and efficacy of this treatment. Methods Patients with ST-elevation AMI undergoing successful reperfusion treatment within 12 hours were randomly assigned to receive an intracoronary infusion of BMSCs (n = 21) or standard medical treatment (n = 22) (the numbers of patients were limited because of the complication of coronary artery obstruction). Results There is a closely positive correlation of the number and function of BMSCs vs. the cardiac function reflected by LVEF at baseline (r = 0.679, P = 0.001) and at 12-month follow-up (r = 0.477, P = 0.039). Six months after cell administration, myocardial viability within the infarct area by 18-FDG SPECT was improved in both groups compared with baseline, but no significant difference in the BMSCs compared with control groups (4.0 ± 0.4% 95%CI 3.1–4.9 vs. 3.2 ± 0.5% 95%CI 2.1–4.3, P = 0.237). 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT demonstrated that myocardial perfusion within the infarct area in the BMSCs did not differ from the control group (4.4 ± 0.5% 95%CI 3.2–5.5 vs. 3.9 ± 0.6% 95%CI 2.6–5.2, P = 0.594). Similarly, LVEF after 12 and 24 months follow-up did not show any difference between the two groups. In the BMSCs group, one patient suffered a serious complication of coronary artery occlusion during the BMSCs injection procedure. Conclusions The clinical benefits of intracoronary injection of autologous BMSCs in acute STEMI patients need further investigation and reevaluation.
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