Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical climates, which has great commercial interest due to the high vitamin C content of its fruit. However, there are no ...reports of the endophytic community of this plant species. The aim of this study was to verify the genetic diversity of the leaf endophytic bacterial community of two varieties (Olivier & Waldy Cati 30) of acerola, and to evaluate their biotechnological ability by assessing their in vitro control of pathogenic fungi and the enzymatic production of cellulase, xylanase, amylase, pectinase, protease, lipase, esterase, and chitinase. In total, 157 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the leaves of two varieties of the plant at 28° and 37°C. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the molecular identification of 58 bacteria, 39.65% of which were identified at the species level. For the first time, the genus Aureimonas was highlighted as an endophytic bacterium. Furthermore, 12.82% of the isolates inhibited the growth of all phytopathogens evaluated and at least one of the above-mentioned enzymes was produced by 64.70% of the endophytes, demonstrating that M. emarginata isolates have potential use in biotechnological studies.
In case-hardened steel components, fine-grain stability is one of the most important properties of the microstructure, since a single coarse grain in a fine-grain matrix is often sufficient to cause ...premature failure of the component under appropriate loading. In order to better understand the influence of heat treatments on cold formed components, the case hardened microstructure of 16 different heat treatment combinations was investigated on the case hardening steel 20MnCr5 (1.7168). The process chain influences grain growth inhibiting precipitations, which in turn influence the fine grain stability. For this reason, aluminium nitrides in size ranges from approx. 15 to 250 nm were analysed in two samples using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy in both fine and coarse-grained areas. The respective areas examined had an average area of 1,250−2,000 μm
. The statistical analysis showed that within the samples no significant difference in morphology and density between aluminium nitrides in fine and coarse-grained areas could be found. On the other hand, more clusters appear in larger grains. Furthermore, a significant influence of the heat treatments on the aluminium nitrides could be detected.
Transmitted/founder (TF) simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) express HIV-1 envelopes modified at position 375 to efficiently infect rhesus macaques while preserving authentic HIV-1 Env ...biology. SHIV.C.CH505 is an extensively characterized virus encoding the TF HIV-1 Env CH505 mutated at position 375 shown to recapitulate key features of HIV-1 immunobiology, including CCR5-tropism, a tier 2 neutralization profile, reproducible early viral kinetics, and authentic immune responses. SHIV.C.CH505 is used frequently in nonhuman primate studies of HIV, but viral loads after months of infection are variable and typically lower than those in people living with HIV. We hypothesized that additional mutations besides Δ375 might further enhance virus fitness without compromising essential components of CH505 Env biology. From sequence analysis of SHIV.C.CH505-infected macaques across multiple experiments, we identified a signature of envelope mutations associated with higher viremia. We then used short-term in vivo mutational selection and competition to identify a minimally adapted SHIV.C.CH505 with just five amino acid changes that substantially improve virus replication fitness in macaques. Next, we validated the performance of the adapted SHIV in vitro and in vivo and identified the mechanistic contributions of selected mutations. In vitro, the adapted SHIV shows improved virus entry, enhanced replication on primary rhesus cells, and preserved neutralization profiles. In vivo, the minimally adapted virus rapidly outcompetes the parental SHIV with an estimated growth advantage of 0.14 days-1 and persists through suppressive antiretroviral therapy to rebound at treatment interruption. Here, we report the successful generation of a well-characterized, minimally adapted virus, termed SHIV.C.CH505.v2, with enhanced replication fitness and preserved native Env properties that can serve as a new reagent for NHP studies of HIV-1 transmission, pathogenesis, and cure.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, the investigation of a finline based phase shifter device filled with liquid crystal, fed by a standard rectangular Ka-band waveguide, is described. A broadband transition from ...waveguide to antipodal finline is investigated and optimized, leading to an insertion loss of below 1.7 dB of the back-to-back transition. An antipodal finline transmission line filled with liquid crystal between its overlapping conductors is used as a phase shifter. Two different liquid crystals are investigated: K15 as a quasi-standard and MDA-03-2838 as a novel mixture with a steeply increased dielectric anisotropy and reduced losses compared to K15. At 40 GHz, a phase shift of 75/spl deg/ arises in connection with 8dB insertion loss for K15 whereas the phase shift of MDA-03-2838 amounts to 303/spl deg/ and 4.8 dB insertion loss, all measured at room temperature. Additionally, the response times of the phase shifter device are investigated for both liquid crystals.
We present clinical features and genetic results of 1206 index patients and 124 affected relatives who were referred for genetic testing of Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy at the laboratory in ...Aachen between 2001 and 2012. Genetic detection rates were 56% in demyelinating CMT (71% of autosomal dominant (AD) CMT1/CMTX), and 17% in axonal CMT (24% of AD CMT2/CMTX). Three genetic defects (PMP22 duplication/deletion, GJB1/Cx32 or MPZ/P0 mutation) were responsible for 89.3% of demyelinating CMT index patients in whom a genetic diagnosis was achieved, and the diagnostic yield of the three main genetic defects in axonal CMT (GJB1/Cx32, MFN2, MPZ/P0 mutations) was 84.2%. De novo mutations were detected in 1.3% of PMP22 duplication, 25% of MPZ/P0, and none in GJB1/Cx32. Motor nerve conduction velocity was uniformly <38 m/s in median or ulnar nerves in PMP22 duplication, >40 m/s in MFN2, and more variable in GJB1/Cx32, MPZ/P0 mutations. Patients with CMT2A showed a broad clinical severity regardless of the type or position of the MFN2 mutation. Out of 75 patients, 8 patients (11%) with PMP22 deletions were categorized as CMT1 or CMT2. Diagnostic algorithms are still useful for cost‐efficient mutation detection and for the interpretation of large‐scale genetic data made available by next generation sequencing strategies.
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and microvesicles, are nano-sized intercellular communication vehicles that participate in a multitude of physiological processes. Due to ...their biological properties, they are also promising candidates for the systemic delivery of therapeutic compounds, such as cytokines, chemotherapeutic drugs, siRNAs and viral vectors. However, low EV production yield and rapid clearance of administered EV by liver macrophages limit their potential use as therapeutic vehicles. We have used a hollow-fiber bioreactor for the efficient production of bioactive EV bearing the heterodimeric cytokine complex Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor alpha. Bioreactor culture yielded ∼40-fold more EV per mL conditioned medium, as compared to conventional cell culture. Biophysical analysis and comparative proteomics suggested a more diverse population of EV in the bioreactor preparations, while serum protein contaminants were detectable only in conventional culture EV preparations. We also identified the Scavenger Receptor Class A family (SR-A) as a novel monocyte/macrophage uptake receptor for EV. In vivo blockade of SR-A with dextran sulfate dramatically decreased EV liver clearance in mice, while enhancing tumor accumulation. These findings facilitate development of EV therapeutic methods.
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