Self-focusing effects of heartbeat feedback Fenigstein, Allan; Carver, Charles S
Journal of personality and social psychology,
11/1978, Letnik:
36, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Two studies tested the hypothesis that auditory heartbeat feedback leads to an increase in self-directed attention. In Exp I, 10 female undergraduates exposed to a sound representing their heartbeat ...made greater self-attributions for hypothetical outcomes than did 10 similar Ss exposed to the same sound identified as an extraneous noise. Furthermore, Ss in the heartbeat condition showed a pattern of color-naming latencies (on a color-word test) that was consistent with the hypothesis that self-related information was being activated in memory. In contrast, no such pattern was observed among Ss in the noise condition. In Exp II, with 51 female and 28 male undergraduates, comparisons with appropriate control groups indicated that neither an extraneous noise nor the attachment of a heartbeat-recording device influenced self-attribution, but that the presence of either a constant or an accelerating heartbeat increased self-attribution. The latter 2 conditions did not differ from each other. Methodological and theoretical implications are discussed. (29 ref)
In contrast to many scholars who believe that Milgram’s studies of obedience provide an incisive understanding of the Holocaust perpetrators, this article argues that pressures to obey authority had ...little role in the Holocaust. Unlike Milgram’s participants, most Nazi perpetrators showed no remorse or moral distress over the murders, severely compromising the explanatory necessity of obedience pressures; the excesses of the Nazis’ brutal and wanton cruelty, and the enthusiasm shown in the killing process, is entirely inconsistent with the behavior of the laboratory participants and with the concept of dutiful, but emotionless, obedience; and finally, when Milgram’s participants had the chance to evade giving shock, they frequently seized that opportunity; in contrast, although Nazi killers were often given the opportunity to withdraw from the killing operations, very few chose to do so. These arguments suggest that most of the Nazi perpetrators believed in what they were doing, and would have been willing, perhaps even eager to kill Jews, even in the absence of orders to do so.
Organic photodiodes (OPDs) for its interesting optoelectronic properties has the potential to be utilized with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuit for imaging, automotive, and ...security based applications. To achieve such a hybrid device as an image sensor, it is imperative that the quality of the OPD remains high on the CMOS substrate and that it has a well-connected optoelectronic interface with the underneath readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for efficient photogeneration and signal readout. Here, we demonstrate seamless integration of a thermally deposited visible light sensitive small molecule OPD on a standard commercial CMOS substrate using optimized doped PCBM buffer layer. Under a standard power supply voltage of 3 V, this hybrid device shows an excellent photolinearity in the entire bias regime, a high pixel sensitivity of 2 V/Lux.sec, a dynamic range (DR) of 71 dB, and a low dark leakage current density of 1 nA/cm
. Moreover, the integrated OPD has a minimum bandwidth of 400 kHz. The photoresponse nonuniformity being only 1.7%, achieved under research lab conditions, strengthens the notion that this fully-CMOS compatible technology has the potential to be applied in high-performance large-scale imaging array.
Episodic memory and mental time travel have been viewed as uniquely human traits.1,2,3 This view began to shift with the development of behavioral criteria to assess what is referred to as ...“episodic-like memory” in animals.4,5 Key findings have ranged from evidence of what-where-when memory in scrub-jays, rats, and bees; through decision-making that impacts future foraging in frugivorous primates; to evidence of planning based on future needs in scrub-jays and tool use planning in great apes.4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 Field studies of these issues have been rare, though there is field-based evidence for future-oriented behaviors in primates.8,10,14,15 We report evidence that free-ranging wild fruit bats rely on mental temporal maps and exhibit future-oriented behaviors when foraging. We tracked young bats as they navigated and foraged, documenting every tree they visited over many months. We prevented the bats from foraging outside for different time periods and monitored their foraging decisions, revealing that the bats map the spatiotemporal patterns of resources in their environment. Following a long period in captivity, the bats did not visit those trees that were no longer providing fruit. We show that this time-mapping ability requires experience and is lacking in inexperienced bats. Careful analysis of the bats’ movement and foraging choices indicated that they plan which tree to visit while still in the colony, thus exhibiting future-oriented behavior and delayed gratification on a nightly basis. Our findings demonstrate how the need for spatiotemporal mental mapping can drive the evolution of high cognitive abilities that were previously considered exclusive to humans.
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•Fruit bats track tree phenology and estimate fruit availability since the last visit•Young bats must learn tree phenology through experience•Bats exhibit future-oriented behavior and fly to specific protein-rich trees•When doing so, bats pass and skip over many familiar sugar-rich trees
Harten et al. use GPS tracking and captive manipulations to demonstrate that wild Egyptian fruit bats map the temporal availability of food sources and the time since their last visit to a tree, then plan their foraging accordingly as well as according to their nutritional requirements.
Total Ionizing Dose effects on CMOS image sensor for the ULTRASAT space mission Berlea, Vlad D.; Worm, Steven; Kaipachery, Nirmal ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
September 2023, 2023-09-00, Letnik:
1054
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ULTRASAT (ULtraviolet TRansient Astronomy SATellite) is a wide-angle space telescope that will perform deep time-resolved surveys in the near-ultraviolet spectrum. ULTRASAT is a space mission led by ...the Weizmann Institute of Science and the Israel Space Agency and is planned for launch in 2025. The camera implements backside-illuminated, stitched pixel sensors. The pixel has a dual-conversion-gain 4T architecture, with a pitch of 9.5 μm and is produced in a 180nm process by Tower Semiconductor.
Before the final sensor was available for testing, test sensors provided by Tower were used to gain first insights into the pixel’s radiation tolerance. One of the main contributions to sensor degradation due to radiation for the ULTRASAT mission is Total Ionizing Dose (TID). TID measurements on the test sensors have been performed with a Co-60 gamma source at Helmholz Zentrum Berlin and CC-60 facility at CERN and preliminary results are presented.
Organic photodiodes (OPDs) offer a myriad of advantages over conventional inorganic photodetectors, making them particularly attractive for imaging application. One of the key challenges preventing ...their utilization is the need for their integration into the standard CMOS processing. Herein, we report a CMOS-compatible top-illuminated inverted small molecule bi-layer OPD with extremely low dark leakage current. The device utilizes a titanium nitride (TiN) bottom electrode modified by a 6,6-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) cathode buffer layer (CBL). We systemetically show that doping the CBL enhances device's low voltage (below 1 V reverse bias) photoresponse by increasing the linear dynamic range (LDR) and making the bandwidth of the photodidoe broader without compromising the leakage current. The optimized device exhibits a dark leakage current of only ∼6 × 10−10 A/cm2 at −0.5 V. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 500 nm reaches 23% with a calculated specific detectivity as high as 7.15 × 1012 cm Hz1/2/W (Jones). Also the LDR approaches 140 dB and the bandwidth is about 400 kHz, at −0.5 V bias. The proposed device structure is fully compatible with CMOS processing and can be integrated onto a CMOS readout circuit offering the potential to be applied in high-performance large-scale imaging arrays.
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•Addressed constrains: 1) Low drive voltage (below |1| V), 2) TiN as opaque bottom electrode. 3) TiN is the cathode.•At below |1| V injection and collection efficiency are correlated.•At −0.5 V the bandwidth is 388 kHz, the detectivity is 7.15 × 1012 cm Hz1/2/W and the linear dynamic range (LDR) is 140 dB.•Thin bi-layer with dark leakage of only ∼6 × 10−10 A/cm2 at −0.5 V (BHJ, of similar thickness, shows higher leakage).•Towards integration with CMOS we report device stability and robustness to fabrication steps essential for such integration.
We present the architecture and design of a novel <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">64\times64 </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based imager for gun ...muzzle flash detection. The imager is fabricated in a standard front side illuminated <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.18~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS image sensor process. Each pixel comprises a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">25~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> diameter SPAD, a variable-load passive quenching circuit implemented with 1.8 V PMOS, an 8-bit counter, an 8-bit latch register, and digital processing electronics, and feeds an 8-bit output bus. The array delivers two-dimensional intensity data through photon counting, with integration time as low as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">5~\mu \text{s} </tex-math></inline-formula> over the full dynamic range. Per-pixel digital memory enables fully parallel processing and global-shutter mode readout. The imager can acquire fast optical events at high frame rate (up to 200 kfps) and at single-photon sensitivity. The imager has an 8-pixel (64-bit) parallel output bus. This imager enables for the first time the detection and arrival-direction determination of individual muzzle flashes in real time, and even in the case of bursts of flashes, at a moderate cost and size. The presented results confirm the feasibility of gun muzzle flash online detection in the visible or NIR spectrum by uncooled silicon SPAD detectors using standard CMOS technology.
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