Infectious mononucleosis Lennon, Paul; Crotty, Michael; Fenton, John E
BMJ,
04/2015, Letnik:
350, Številka:
apr21 2
Journal Article, Book Review
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Infectious mononucleosis is commonly seen in both the community and the hospital setting. Patients usually present with a sore throat and often presume that an antibiotic is required. It is therefore ...important to dispel the many myths relating to the condition with appropriate patient education. Knowledge of the clinical course of the disease, as well as potential complications, is paramount. In an information age, difficult questions may arise for a general practitioner, emergency doctor, or trainee in ear, nose, and throat medicine. The aim of this review is to assist those who encounter infectious mononucleosis in the adolescent and adult population.
A literature review shows that the most important physical quantities determining environmental impact of ship waves in a waterway are the fluid velocities, maximum and minimum water levels, and size ...of drawdown events. Fluid velocity can vary strongly in the vertical so that the usual measurements at a single point are not enough unless made near where the effects are most important, often the bed. Customary use of wave height as a measure of impact has been misleading, because the all‐important fluid velocity is of a scale given by wave height divided by wave period. A good and simple estimate of the surface velocity as a disturbance scale is shown to be given by the time derivative of the free surface height. The most important role of linear wave theory is to explain and understand the physics and measurement procedures, such as done here in several places. Its use for obtaining numerical results is criticised. Instead, three integral measures of impact are proposed, all of which use surface elevation measurements and which require no essential mathematical approximations or wave‐by‐wave analysis. The methods are applied to a study of ship waves on the Danube River. A number of results are presented, including examination of the effects of measurement frequency. After a ship passage, due to repeated shoreline reflections of the wake waves, the river is brought into a long‐lasting state of short‐crested disturbances, with finite fluid velocities. The environmental consequences of this might be important. After the primary and secondary ship waves it could be called the tertiary wave system.
AbstractA free-surface immersed-boundary lattice Boltzmann method for wave–structure interaction and hydrodynamic force estimation is introduced as a proposed model with example applications. The ...single-phase free-surface lattice Boltzmann method is coupled with a simple immersed-boundary modification in order to simulate demanding free surface wave problems and to evaluate the hydrodynamic forces on a breakwater. The immersed-boundary modification also enables a seepage flow simulation without any external model. First, the proposed model is applied to incident wave propagation in a shallow water zone to demonstrate the model performance on traveling successive waves and wave effects on groundwater on a porous slope. The wave–breakwater interactions and wave forces on a breakwater are then analyzed. The results agree with those of Goda’s formulae in all cases and with the third-order force expression from standing wave theory in nonoverflowing cases, confirming that the proposed model has a high potential for application to complex analysis of coastal engineering problems.
The processes of thinking, research, dissemination, and use of research results and knowledge in hydraulics are examined, differentiating it from hydrology, and suggesting greater use of scientific ...methods and theories. At highly technical levels this is already done, but it is suggested that there is room for a greater simplicity of approach, based on scientific rigour, recognizing that much of what is done in hydraulics is modelling. This would make understanding of, access to, and participation in research easier for members of the profession. A number of recommendations and conclusions are made. The article has a critical tone, but its main intention is to be helpful to individual hydraulicians and to the profession at large. Suggestions are made as to how the profession might use the Web to give open access to research findings and to create an open resource for hydraulics knowledge, as connection by colleagues in all countries is now possible and feasible.
Introduction
“Sleeping Beauties” (SBs) are articles that receive little attention in the literature for many years after publication but suddenly “awaken” at a later date to greatly increased ...relevance. This effort represents the first attempt at identifying SBs within the otolaryngology literature.
Methods
The Web of Science Database was queried for all papers under the section “Otolaryngology” between 1945 and 2007. All papers were assigned a “Beauty Coefficient” (B), based on an a priori formula. Three groups were analyzed: 1) highest overall SBs, 2) clinically significant SBs (papers with greater than 100 total citations), and 3) modern SBs (published 1988 and later).
Results
80,532 papers were identified, with SB able to be calculated in 79,523. Papers spanned a wide array of topics within the Otolaryngology literature. Unlike analysis of SBs in other disciplines, no obvious patterns or themes appeared consistently within or between any of the three groups.
Conclusions
This study represents the first known analysis of SBs in our field. While no obvious patterns or unifying themes were observed, this analysis highlights the clinical impact of SBs and underscores the idea that in this surgical field, important ideas may be proposed “ahead of their time.”
Level of Evidence
NA
Laryngoscope, 130:609–614, 2020
A finite-slope Boussinesq equation is developed to model curved transcritical flow over spillways and broad-crested weirs, even with large slopes. At a number of computational points, finite ...difference approximations for all derivatives in the differential equation are used to give a system of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be solved by standard optimization methods. A number of laboratory experiments were performed with different transcritical flow problems including changes in channel gradients and a trapezoidal weir. The equation and the numerical model were tested using results from those experiments and from those for a steep and sharply-curved weir structure, with good results. They can be used as a computational flume to determine the head-discharge characteristics of proposed structures. A novel feature of the equation and numerical method is that higher derivatives of the bed topography are best ignored, apparently mimicking the effects of flow separation in smoothing it.
To establish the level of evidence and publishing trends in otology-specific journals over a 20-year period.
Retrospective analysis.
The three O/N specific journals with the highest Eigenfactor ...scores were identified. All articles published in the years 1998, 2008, and 2018 were reviewed and level of evidence (LoE) based on standards set by the Oxford Centres for Evidence Based Medicine was assigned by two independent reviewers. One way analysis of variance and 95% bootstrap sensitivity analysis were performed.
A total of 1,062 studies were published over 20 years, of these 809 (76.2%) were eligible for inclusion in the present study. The average number of publications per year increased over time. The average LoE improved significantly over the total interval (-0.235, p = 0.027, CI -0.45, -0.019), however did not between 1998 and 2008 (p = 0.111) or between 2008 and 2018 (p = 1). When looking at just LoE 1 or 2, the number and percentage of higher quality papers improves over time-48/158 (30.4%) in 1998, rising to 94/250 (37.6%) in 2008, and 158/401 (39.4%) in 2008.
Over the past two decades there has been an overall increase in the quantity and quality (as measured by LoE) of publications in O/N-specific journals. In general, quality of O/N studies is slightly better in O/N-specific journals compared with general OHNS journals. However, there are still improvements to be had in the proportion of high-evidence publications, as they still number less than half of all total publications in the subspecialty.
Objectives/Hypothesis
Citation classics have traditionally been defined in the smaller medical specialties as any article published in a peer‐reviewed journal that has received 100 or more citations ...from other articles also published in peer‐reviewed journals. This study aimed to determine patterns of citation classics changes in the medical field otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery (OHNS) over the past decade and serves as a follow‐up to an original study published in 2002, “A Century of Citation Classics in Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery.”
Study Design
Bibliometric analysis.
Methods
Using the Journal Citation Reports and Web of Science, OHNS journals were selected and assessed for the content of citation classics.
Results
Nine‐hundred five citation classics were found, over 11‐fold more than 1 decade prior. Other significant changes were seen in country of origin, decade of publication, number of authors per article, subspecialty of article, and most frequently discussed topics.
Conclusions
The dramatic rise in quantity and nature of citation classics in the past decade may be due to unprecedented advancements in information technology and communication, allowing studies and experiments to be performed, written, reviewed, published, and cited at rapid rates.
Level of Evidence
NA Laryngoscope, 124:1358–1362, 2014
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