La teoría constitucional desarrolla por Rudolf Smend, en el contexto de la crisis de la república de Weimar, pretendía ofrecer soluciones a dicha crisis. La idea de integración que formula en su ...teoría presupone la cohesión de la comunidad política en torno a una serie de valores comunes, que cada individuo asimila como propios, desde la convicción de su validez. La intención subyacente en este planteamiento era encontrar una vía de salida de las confrontaciones políticas que impedían estabilizarse al Estado alemán, pero su teoría trascendió a ese intento inicial y ha dejado algunos elementos de reflexión interesantes, que podemos utilizar como herramienta de exégesis de la realidad contemporánea. El artículo pretende identificar en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Español algunas de las ideas de Smend en torno al proceso de integración material al que sirven los símbolos patrios, la lengua, los derechos y la idea de una comunidad de valores. El objetivo último es valorar la fortaleza de dicha jurisprudencia y considerar si la misma nos permite hablar de su cualidad como herramienta de integración.
Acoustic meso- and bathypelagic studies are scarce in the Bay of Biscay but increasing over the last years. This study provides a description of seasonal and bathymetric variation in the distribution ...of the main scattering layers. We combine acoustics and hydrographic information from four surveys carried out in 2015 in the southern Bay of Biscay. Water mass properties as well as mixing processes studied through optimum multiparameter (OMP) analysis provided information on the physical seascape. This study reports for the first time a bathypelagic deep scattering layer that was detected in autumn (1300–1500 m) and winter (800–1200 m) and did not present a daily migration pattern. Migrant deep scattering layers and non-migrant layers, stronger at 18 and 38 kHz respectively, are two separate entities with distinct spatial and seasonal dynamics. Migrant layers vary in number and intensity with primary production while the main non-migrant layer (400–800 m depth) is constant in intensity throughout the year. Non-migrant layers seem to locate at horizontal water mass boundaries with increased stratification.
•A bathypelagic deep scattering layer is described for the first time in the Bay of Biscay.•Seasonal variability reflects different drivers for migrant and non-migrant species.•Migrant layers change in number and intensity with primary production.•The main non-migrant layer (400–800 m depth) is constant throughout the year.•Non-migrant layers seem to locate at horizontal water mass boundaries.
Across three studies, we explored the link between an abstract mindset and subjective well-being (SWB) in participants with real and/or perceived financial scarcity. In Studies 1 and 2, samples ...presented real objective financial vulnerability: Adolescents from lower-middle income districts (Study 1; N = 256), and adults without higher education and with very low incomes (Study 2; N = 210). In Studies 1 and 2 participants completed a survey including measures of thinking style and SWB. In Studies 2 and 3 perception of financial difficulty and SWB were also measured. Study 3 (N = 161) used a sample of university students and employed an experimental design manipulating participants’ thinking style (i.e., concrete versus abstract mindset conditions); additionally, all participants were induced to perceive financial scarcity. Correlations revealed a significant and positive relationship between an abstract thinking style and SWB (Studies 1 and 2). Thus, these results showed that a relatively more abstract thinking style was associated with greater life satisfaction. In Studies 2 and 3 mediation analyses indicated that adults who presented a more abstract thinking style, perceived lower financial difficulties and then reported greater SWB. Overall, given that an abstract thinking style can be induced, these results offer a new intervention approach for improving the SWB of people living in situations of financial scarcity.
Purpose
To report the incidence and quantity of silicone oil microbubbles and the relationship with the number of intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections and evaluate ...if microbubbles induce artefacts on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.
Methods
Observational, descriptive, cross‐sectional study. Patients with wet age‐related macular degeneration were included who had been treated for 1 year minimally with anti‐VEGF injections repackaged in the hospital pharmacy. Detection and quantification of silicone microbubbles by mydriatic biomicroscopic examination were conducted 1 month after the last injection. The numbers of microbubbles were quantified on a scale of 0–3: 0, none; 1 scarce (1–10 microbubbles); 2 moderate (10–30); or 3 numerous (>30). Shadowing on OCT images was classified as 0–3: 0, none; 1 obscuring some retinal layers; 2 obscuring all retinal layers; or 3 obscuring the retinal thickness.
Results
The study included 142 eyes of 98 patients (mean age, 82.4 years + 7.3; range, 65–97) treated with 2377 injections. Microbubbles were detected in 127 (89.4%) eyes, 62 (43.6%) with numerous microbubbles and 36 (25.4%) and 29 (20.4%), respectively, with scarce and moderate numbers. A positive correlation was found between the numbers of injections and intravitreal silicone (rho, 0.7). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) artefacts were detected in 11 eyes; the artefacts obscured all retinal layers in three eyes. No significant relationship could be established between the appearance of floaters and the microbubbles.
Conclusion
The presence and number of silicone microbubbles were correlated with the number of intravitreal injections. Microbubbles can produce OCT artefacts, which can hinder the treatment decision.
El estatuto jurídico de los menores como usuarios de internet y de los entornos digitales se ha definido con progresiva precisión en los últimos años, lo que nos permite afirmar que se va ...abandonando, progresivamente, una perspectiva adultocéntrica en el examen de esta cuestión. Ahora bien, a pesar de lo dicho el sistema de garantía de los derechos de los niños y niñas en internet está basado en una perspectiva adultocéntrica del estatuto jurídico de los menores que es necesario revisar; el refuerzo del sistema de garantías no puede basarse en una restricción de acceso de los menores a los entornos digitales, sino en un modelo de acceso que esté basado en su grado de madurez; y la vulnerabilidad de los niños, niñas y adolescentes exige un sistema de protección que no limite inadecuadamente la autonomía de los niños usuarios de internet, sino que les permita actuar en esos entornos de manera segura.
Con el propósito de conocer cómo se relacionan los indicadores psicosociales, caracterizados por la empatía y los valores sociales, se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de Justicia Restaurativa ...(JR) en el que participaron 187 sujetos pertenecientes a la población general, con una media de edad de 40.27 (DE = 12.32) años. Éstos fueron asignados al azar a un supuesto sobre JR que contenía 3 condiciones (desafiante, arrepentimiento e impunidad) y cuestiones sobre la gestión del delito, como son: el castigo, el diálogo, la responsabilización y la reparación. Además, los participantes cumplimentaron escalas sobre emociones negativas (alfa = 0.81), empatía (alfa = 0.72) y valores sociales (alfa = 0.76). A través de análisis correlacionales (. de Pearson) y de comparación de medias (prueba t y ANOVA) se constató que la emoción que se siente con más intensidad, ante el delito que sufre otra persona, es el enfado, existiendo diferencias en función de las actitudes desafiante y de arrepentimiento mostradas por el agresor, para el conjunto de emociones negativas, así como para la posibilidad de aceptar el diálogo entre las partes. El hecho de poseer alta amabilidad empática hace que se faciliten los procesos de JR caracterizados por la responsabilización y la reparación, mientras que los valores de conservadurismo (tradición y seguridad) se vincularon con el castigo. Todos estos hallazgos permiten avanzar en el estudio de la JR, la empatía y los valores sociales. Palabras clave justicia restaurativa; delito; amabilidad empática; sufrimiento empático; valores sociales. The aim of this study was to know the relationship between psychosocial factors (empathy and social values) and Restorative Justice (RJ). A quasiexperimental study was carried out with 187 subjects (M = 40.27, SD = 12.32 years). Participants were randomly assigned to an assumption about RJ with 3 conditions (defiant, repentance, and impunity) and questions regarding crime management such as: punishment, dialogue, accountability and reparation. In addition, subjects completed several scales on negative emotions (alfa = 0.81), empathy (alfa = 0.72) and social values (alfa = 0.76). Correlational analyzes (Pearson's r) and comparison of means (t test and ANOVA) were performed. The results confirmed that anger is the emotion most intensely felt when people are witness of the suffering of crime on another person. However, there are significant differences depending on the defiant and repentance attitudes shown by the aggressor, by the set of negative emotions, as well as by accepting the possibility of dialogue between the parties. When there is high empathic concern, it makes RJ processes characterized by accountability and reparation, while conservation values (tradition and security) were linked to punishment. All these findings reveal new knowledge in the study of RJ, empathy and social values. Keywords restorative justice; crime; empathic concern; personal distress; social values.
The Spanish State is among the countries with high standards of compliance with its international obligations on human rights. Regardless of the reasons that explain the respect for such commitments, ...it is surprising to note that the degree of compliance differs depending on the international guarantee mechanism. Compliance with treaties whose oversights is attributed to a court, such as the European Court of Human Rights, is stricter than compliance with covenants under the United Nations, whose supervision is recognised to the committee established by each treaty or by their annexed protocols. Even though the Committees also respond to individual complaints raised by persons subject to the Spanish State jurisdiction, the binding nature of their resolutions is questioned by some State institutions. Both members of the executive and the judiciary. This paper analyses the grounds that justify this two-speed compliance and questions the institutional arguments that support such reality. Our reflection insists that the obligations derived from all human rights treaties ratified by Spain are identical and demand an equal response from the State institutions. The international human rights law and the Spanish Constitution itself so require it.
This study aims to evaluate the safety, biocompatibility, and functionality of a new accommodative intraocular lens (IOL) (LUZ, patent PCT/ES2016/070,813) after implantation in rabbit eyes. LUZ ...(Study) and EyeCee® plus a capsular ring (Control) were implanted in rabbits (n = 8 each) after phacoemulsification. Intraoperative follow-up, long-term clinical follow-up, and functional IOL studies were carried out periodically for up to 180 days. A macroscopic examination of the eyeballs to reveal abnormalities and determine the implant centering and a microscopic examination to semi-quantify cell and tissue response were performed. Statistical analysis of the collected data was finally achieved. During follow-up, no significant changes in the general condition nor the clinical evaluation were observed between both groups. However, Study IOL remained centered throughout the study and did not present severe complications as observed in the Control group. Functional studies did not reveal significant differences between both materials. Study showed better centering, fewer adhesions, and maintenance of an opening capsular bag compared to the Control. Local biological effects caused by Study implantation are minimal and comparable to the Control. Therefore, LUZ showed no clinical signs or histological response of adverse reaction to the implanted material, according to UNE-EN ISO 11979-5 and 10993-6. Functionality must be confirmed in another animal species with greater lens accommodation capacity than the rabbit. LUZ keeps the capsular bag open, favoring its centering and avoiding fibrosis and adherence to the bag; this allows potential accommodation of this IOL and theoretically enables the patient to focus dynamically.
PDF
