Orally available antivirals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are necessary because of the continuous circulation of new variants that challenge immunized ...individuals. Because severe COVID-19 is a virus-triggered immune and inflammatory dysfunction, molecules endowed with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity are highly desirable. We identified here that kinetin (MB-905) inhibits the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human hepatic and pulmonary cell lines. On infected monocytes, MB-905 reduced virus replication, IL-6 and TNFα levels. MB-905 is converted into its triphosphate nucleotide to inhibit viral RNA synthesis and induce error-prone virus replication. Coinhibition of SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease, a proofreading enzyme that corrects erroneously incorporated nucleotides during viral RNA replication, potentiated the inhibitory effect of MB-905. MB-905 shows good oral absorption, its metabolites are stable, achieving long-lasting plasma and lung concentrations, and this drug is not mutagenic nor cardiotoxic in acute and chronic treatments. SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE-mice and hamsters treated with MB-905 show decreased viral replication, lung necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammation. Because kinetin is clinically investigated for a rare genetic disease at regimens beyond the predicted concentrations of antiviral/anti-inflammatory inhibition, our investigation suggests the opportunity for the rapid clinical development of a new antiviral substance for the treatment of COVID-19.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly complex multi-factorial disorder. Experimental trauma involves primary and secondary injury cascades that underlie delayed neuronal dysfunction and death. ...Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamatergic excitotoxicity are the hallmark mechanisms of damage. Accordingly, a successful pharmacological intervention requires a multi-faceted approach. Guanosine (GUO) is known for its neuromodulator effects in various models of brain pathology, specifically those that involve the glutamatergic system. The aim of the study was to investigate the GUO effects against mitochondrial damage in hippocampus and cortex of rats subjected to TBI, as well as the relationship of this effect with the glutamatergic system. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a unilateral moderate fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) and treated 15 min later with GUO (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline 0.9%). Analyses were performed in hippocampus and cortex 3 h post-trauma and revealed significant mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by a disrupted membrane potential, unbalanced redox system, decreased mitochondrial viability, and complex I inhibition. Further, disruption of Ca
homeostasis and increased mitochondrial swelling was also noted. Our results showed that mitochondrial dysfunction contributed to decreased glutamate uptake and levels of glial glutamate transporters (glutamate transporter 1 and glutamate aspartate transporter), which leads to excitotoxicity. GUO treatment ameliorated mitochondrial damage and glutamatergic dyshomeostasis. Thus, GUO might provide a new efficacious strategy for the treatment acute physiological alterations secondary to TBI.
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of cerebral noradrenaline (NA), has been reported in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s diseases (PD). There is ...increasing evidence indicating the role of NA deficiency in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the development of early cognitive impairments in PD. Here, we evaluated whether a selective noradrenergic lesion of LC caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) may induce memory deficits and neurochemical alterations in the PFC. Adult male Wistar rats received stereotaxic bilateral injections of 6-OHDA (5 μg/2 μl) into the LC, and two stainless-steel guide cannulas were implanted in the PFC. The SHAM group received just vehicle. To induce a selective noradrenergic lesion, animals received nomifensine (10 mg/kg), a dopamine transporter blocker, one hour before surgery. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats displayed impairments of the short- and long-term object recognition memory associated to reduced content of tyrosine hydroxylase in the LC. Neurochemical analysis revealed an altered mitochondrial membrane potential in LC. Regarding the PFC, an increased ROS production, cell membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption were observed. Remarkably, bilateral NA (1 μg/0.2 μl) infusion into the PFC restored the recognition memory deficits in LC-lesioned rats. These findings indicate that a selective noradrenergic LC lesion induced by 6-OHDA deregulates a noradrenergic network in the PFC, which could be involved in the early memory impairments observed in nondemented PD patients.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in neurons and synapses causes cell ...metabolism to unbalance, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to neuronal death and cognitive damage. Guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside recognized as a neuroprotective agent since it prevents glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we evaluated behavioral and biochemical effects in the hippocampus caused by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Aβ1–42 peptide (400 pmol/site) in mice, and the neuroprotective effect of guanosine (8 mg/kg, i.p.). An initial evaluation on the eighth day after Aβ1–42 infusion showed no changes in the tail suspension test, although ex vivo analyses in hippocampal slices showed increased ROS production. In the second protocol, on the tenth day following Aβ1–42 infusion, no effect was observed in the sucrose splash test, but a reduction in the recognition index in the object location test showed impaired spatial memory. Analysis of hippocampal slices showed no ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, but a tendency to increase glutamate release and a significant lactate release, pointing to a metabolic alteration. Those effects were accompanied by decreased cell viability and increased membrane damage. Guanosine treatment prevented behavioral and biochemical alterations evoked by Aβ1–42, suggesting a potential role against behavioral and biochemical damage evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in
substantia nigra pars compacta
which induces severe motor symptoms. 6-OHDA is a ...neurotoxin widely used in PD animal models due to its high affinity by dopamine transporter, its rapid non-enzymatic auto-oxidation which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, and for induced mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously reported an in vitro protocol of 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in brain regions slices, as a simple and sensitive assay to screen for protective compounds related to PD. Guanosine (GUO), a guanine-based purine nucleoside, is a neuroprotective molecule that is showing promising effects as an antiparkinsonian agent. To investigate the mechanisms involved on GUO-induced neuroprotection, slices of cortex, striatum, and hippocampus were incubated with GUO in the presence of 6-OHDA (100 μM). 6-OHDA promoted a decrease in cellular viability and increased ROS generation in all brain regions. Disruption of mitochondrial potential, depletion in intracellular ATP levels, and increase in cell membrane permeabilization were evidenced in striatal slices. GUO prevented the increase in ROS generation, disruption in mitochondrial potential, and depletion of intracellular ATP induced by 6-OHDA in striatal slices. In conclusion, GUO was effective to prevent oxidative events before cell damage, such as mitochondrial disruption, intracellular ATP levels depletion, and ROS generation in striatal slices subjected to in vitro 6-OHDA-induced toxicity.
•GUO attenuated anhedonic-like behavior in the splash test in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.•GUO promoted an antidepressant-like effect in the FST in 6-OHDA-treated rats.•Rat intra-striatal 6-OHDA cause no ...alterations in motor performance.•6-OHDA did not alter ROS levels in rat cortical, striatal and hippocampal slices.•GUO prevented 6-OHDA-evoked mitochondrial potential disruption in hippocampal slices.
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) processes motor and non-motor functions and undergoes extensive dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Beyond the nigrostriatal pathway, dopaminergic degeneration also affects other brain areas including the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, which have been associated with the appearance of anhedonia and depression at pre-motor phases of PD. Herein, using behavioral and biochemical approaches, we investigated the protective effects of guanosine (GUO) (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) against emotional impairments and cellular events in cortical, striatal and hippocampal slices of rats submitted to a bilateral infusion of 6-OHDA (10 μg/hemisphere) into the DLS. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats displayed anhedonic- and depressive-like behaviors addressed in the splash and forced swimming tests (at 8 and 21 days after lesion, respectively). In addition, no alterations in motor performance in the open field test and social interaction were observed. Biochemical analyses were performed 22 days after 6-OHDA lesions. 6-OHDA lesion induced hippocampal mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. However, intra-striatal 6-OHDA administration did not alter the ROS levels measured in cortical, striatal and hippocampal slices. GUO treatment attenuated anhedonic- and depressive-like behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and protected hippocampal slices against the mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. These results indicate antidepressant-like effects of GUO in a rat model of PD, indicating the potential of GUO for the treatment of depression associated with PD.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in neurons and synapses causes cell ...metabolism to unbalance, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to neuronal death and cognitive damage. Guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside recognized as a neuroprotective agent since it prevents glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we evaluated behavioral and biochemical effects in the hippocampus caused by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Aβ
peptide (400 pmol/site) in mice, and the neuroprotective effect of guanosine (8 mg/kg, i.p.). An initial evaluation on the eighth day after Aβ
infusion showed no changes in the tail suspension test, although ex vivo analyses in hippocampal slices showed increased ROS production. In the second protocol, on the tenth day following Aβ
infusion, no effect was observed in the sucrose splash test, but a reduction in the recognition index in the object location test showed impaired spatial memory. Analysis of hippocampal slices showed no ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, but a tendency to increase glutamate release and a significant lactate release, pointing to a metabolic alteration. Those effects were accompanied by decreased cell viability and increased membrane damage. Guanosine treatment prevented behavioral and biochemical alterations evoked by Aβ
, suggesting a potential role against behavioral and biochemical damage evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in neurons and synapses causes cell ...metabolism to unbalance, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to neuronal death and cognitive damage. Guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside recognized as a neuroprotective agent since it prevents glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by a mechanism not yet completely elucidated. In this study, we evaluated behavioral and biochemical effects in the hippocampus caused by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Aβsub.1–42 peptide (400 pmol/site) in mice, and the neuroprotective effect of guanosine (8 mg/kg, i.p.). An initial evaluation on the eighth day after Aβsub.1–42 infusion showed no changes in the tail suspension test, although ex vivo analyses in hippocampal slices showed increased ROS production. In the second protocol, on the tenth day following Aβsub.1–42 infusion, no effect was observed in the sucrose splash test, but a reduction in the recognition index in the object location test showed impaired spatial memory. Analysis of hippocampal slices showed no ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, but a tendency to increase glutamate release and a significant lactate release, pointing to a metabolic alteration. Those effects were accompanied by decreased cell viability and increased membrane damage. Guanosine treatment prevented behavioral and biochemical alterations evoked by Aβsub.1–42 , suggesting a potential role against behavioral and biochemical damage evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus.
Oxidative stress has been implicated in several pathologies including neurological disorders.
Centella asiatica
is a popular medicinal plant which has long been used to treat neurological ...disturbances in Ayurvedic medicine. In the present study, we quantified of compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and examined the phenolic content of infusion, ethyl acetate,
n
-butanolic and dichloromethane fractions. Furthermore, we analyzed the ability of the extracts from
C
.
asiatica
to
scavenge
the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical as well as total antioxidant activity through the reduction of molybdenum (VI) (Mo
6+
) to molybdenum (V) (Mo
5+
). Finally, we examined the antioxidant effect of extracts against oxidant agents, quinolinic acid (QA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on homogenates of different brain regions (cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus). The HPLC analysis revealed that flavonoids, triterpene glycoside, tannins, phenolic acids were present in the extracts of
C
.
asiatica
and also the phenolic content assay demonstrated that ethyl acetate fraction is rich in these compounds. Besides, the ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest antioxidant effect by decreasing the lipid peroxidation in brain regions induced by QA. On the other hand, when the pro-oxidant agent was SNP, the potency of infusion, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions was equivalent. Ethyl acetate fraction from
C
.
asiatica
also protected against thiol oxidation induced by SNP and QA. Thus, the therapeutic potential of
C
.
asiatica
in neurological diseases could be associated to its antioxidant activity.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The oxidative stress is envolved in several diseases, including neurological diseases. Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant which was has ...long been used to treat neurological disturbances in Ayurvedic medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potencial of different extracts of C.asiatica in vitro. Were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) the present compounds and examined the phenolic content of the infusion and fractions: ethyl acetate, n-butanol and dichlorometane. Furthermore, the ability of C.asiatica extracts as scavenger of DPPH., as well as, the antioxidant capacity it was analyzed, through the reduction of molybdenum (VI)(Mo6+) to molybidenum (V)(Mo5+). Finally, we determined the effect of the extracts on lipid peroxidation induced by quinolinic acid (QA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in different regions of the rat brain (cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus). HPLC analysis showed that flavonoids, triterpene glycosides, tannins and phenolic acids were present in extracts of C.asiatica. The content of phenolic compounds showed that the ethyl acetate fraction is rich in these compounds, followed by dichloromethane fraction of butanol and of infusion. Moreover, with the first analyzes it was also found a higher antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate fraction as DPPH. radical scavenger. In agreement with in vitro assays, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant effect by decreasing lipid peroxidation induced by AQ in cerebral cortex (IC50 = 11.82), striatum (IC50 = 13.91) and hippocampus (IC50 = 13. 55) from rat brain. However, when the pro-oxidant agent was NPS, potency of infusion, the ethyl acetate fraction and dichloromethane were not significantly different to the cortex and hippocampus, which highlighted a greater difference of action in the striatum between the infusion (IC50 = 16.12), the ethyl acetate (IC50 = 13.57) and dichloromethane (IC50 = 11.05) regarding the butanol fraction (IC50 = 47.94). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the infusion of C.asiatica and other fractions exhibit antioxidant capacity in vitro, which is related to their phytochemical content. Thus, the therapeutic potential in neurological diseases of C. asiatica, could be associated with its antioxidant activity.
O estresse oxidativo está envolvido em várias patologias incluindo as doenças neurológicas. A Centella asiática é uma planta medicinal que tem sido muito utilizada para o tratamento de distúrbios neurológicos na medicina Ayurvédica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante de diferentes extratos de C. asiática in vitro. Foi quantificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) o conteúdo fenólico da infusão e das frações: acetato de etila, n-butanólica e diclorometano. Além disso, analisou-se a capacidade dos extratos de C. asiática como scavenger do radical DPPH., bem como, a capacidade antioxidante total através da redução do molibdênio (VI) (Mo6 +) a molibdênio (V) (Mo5 +). Finalmente, determinou-se o efeito dos extratos na peroxidação lipídica induzida por ácido quinolínico (AQ) e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), em diferentes regiões do cérebro de rato (córtex, estriado e hipocampo). A análise por CLAE revelou que flavonóides, glicosídeo triterpeno, taninos e ácidos fenólicos estavam presentes nos extratos de C. asiática. O teor de compostos fenólicos demonstrou que a fração acetato de etila é rica nestes compostos, seguida da fração diclorometano, da n-butanólica e por fim da infusão. Além disso, com as primeiras análises também verificamos um maior potencial antioxidante da fração acetato de etila como scavenger de radical DPPH.. Em acordo com as análises in vitro, a fração acetato de etila apresentou o maior efeito antioxidante através da diminuição da peroxidação lipídica induzidas por AQ em córtex (IC50=11,82), estriado (IC50=13,91) e hipocampo (IC50=13,55) de cérebro de rato. Por outro lado, quando o agente pró-oxidante foi NPS, a potência de infusão, das frações de acetato de etila e diclorometano não foram diferentes significativamente para córtex e hipocampo, sendo destacada uma maior diferença de ação no estriado, entre a infusão (IC50=16,12), a acetato de etila (IC50= 13,57) e a diclorometano (IC50= 11,05) em realção a fração butanólica (IC50 = 47,94). Em conclusão, os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a infusão e demais frações de C. asiática apresentam capacidade antioxidante in vitro, a qual está relacionada ao seu conteúdo fitoquímico. Assim, o potencial terapêutico de C. asiática em doenças neurológicas, poderia ser associado com a sua atividade antioxidante.
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