Some botanical extracts affect the cellular immune system of insects by interfering with normal hemocyte function. This gives rise to diminution in cellular immunity and causes a decrease in insect ...defense. This investigation evaluated the effect of acetonic (AcEDv) and methanolic (MeEDv) extracts of Dodonaea viscosa (1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm) on the total hemocyte count (THC) present in the hemolymph of Spodoptera exigua, as well as on its insecticidal activity, on its own and in combination with the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea. Water and Tween® were used as negative controls and Lorsban® as a positive control. Second instar S. exigua larvae were separately fed an artificial diet incorporating both extracts. THC was significantly lower in AcEDv treatment at 1000 ppm and MeEDv treatment at 1000 and 4000 ppm compared with negative controls. The insecticidal action of the individual extracts and those in combination with the conidia of I. fumosorosea manifested from day 21, while at day 28, the AcEDv at 1000 and 2000 ppm and the MeEDv at 4000 ppm applied with the fungus revealed mortality percentages higher than 50% and a significantly higher mortality compared with the negative controls. In conclusion, the extracts of D. viscosa reduced the total THC of S. exigua and suggest that the application of this plant extract presents a synergistic effect on the mortality of S. exigua exposed to entomopathogenic fungus I. fumosorosea.
The repeated application of synthetic insecticides has the potential to induce insecticide resistance. Plant extracts are a good source of bioinsecticides, as these extracts often have several ...bioactive compounds, thus reducing the occurrence of resistance. The genus Trichilia (Meliaceae) is distributed widely in Mexico and it is a sustainable source of bioactive compounds because their bark is shed annually and may be collected without harming the tree. This research evaluated the effect on mortality, weight, larval and pupal duration, fecundity, and fertility of Copitarsia decolora Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) when fed with a diet supplemented with different concentrations of hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous extracts of the Trichilia americana Sessé & Moc., Trichilia hirta L., and Trichilia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae) bark. All the extracts provoked a dose-response effect on the variables evaluated. The hexane extract of the 3 species was lethal to the larval stage, with the hexane extract of T. americana being the most toxic of the 3 species, followed by that of T. hirta. The aqueous extract of T. hirta displayed an insecticidal effect on the early instars. The ethyl acetate extracts of T. americana and hexane extracts of T. hirta inhibited growth and induced mortality. The extracts reduced fecundity and fertility of the insect. Extracts of T. americana reduced reproductive potential to a greater extent than did T. hirta and T. havanensis. This research suggests that bark extracts of T. americana, T. hirta, and T. havanensis are a sustainable source of biomolecules. La aplicación repetida de insecticidas sintéticos tiene el potencial de inducir resistencia a los insecticidad. Los extractos de plantas son una buena fuente de bioinsecticidas, ya que estos extractos a menudo tienen varios compuestos bioactivos, lo que reduce la apariencia de resistencia. El género Trichilia (Meliaceae) está ampliamente distribuido en México y es una fuente sustentable de compuestos bioactivos ya que su corteza se desprende anualmente y puede recolectarse sin dañar el árbol. Este trabajo evaluó el efecto sobre la mortalidad, peso, duración de larvas y pupas, fecundidad y fertilidad de Copitarsia decolora Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) al ser alimentadas con una dieta suplementada a diferentes concentraciones de extracto hexánico, acetato de etilo, acetónico, metanólico y acuoso de corteza de Trichilia americana Sessé & Moc., Trichilia hirta L., y Trichilia havanensis Jacq. (Meliaceae). Todos los extractos provocaron un efecto de dosis respuesta sobre las variables evaluadas. El extracto de hexano de las 3 especies fue letal para el estadio larval, siendo el extracto de T. americana el más tóxico de las 3 especies seguido por el de T. hirta. El extracto acuoso de T. hirta ocasionó un efecto insecticida en los primeros instares. Los extractos de acetato de etilo de T. americana y hexano de T. hirta inhibieron el crecimiento y provocaron mortalidad. Los extractos redujeron la fecundidad y la fertilidad del insecto. Los extractos de T. americana redujeron el potencial reproductivo en mayor medida que T. hirta y T. havanensis. Esta investigación sugiere que los extractos de corteza de T. americana, T. hirta, y T. havanensis son una fuente sustentable de biomoléculas.
OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to elicit feedback from simulation technicians prior to developing the first simulation technician-specific simulation laboratory in Akron, OH.
Simulation ...technicians serve a vital role in simulation centers within hospitals/health centers around the world. The first simulation technician degree program in the US has been approved in Akron, OH. To satisfy the requirements of this program and to meet the needs of this special audience of learners, a customized simulation lab is essential.
A web-based survey was circulated to simulation technicians prior to completion of the lab for the new program. The survey consisted of questions aimed at identifying structural and functional design elements of a novel simulation center for the training of simulation technicians. Quantitative methods were utilized to analyze data.
Over 90% of technicians (n=65) think that a lab designed explicitly for the training of technicians is novel and beneficial. Approximately 75% of respondents think that the space provided appropriate audiovisual (AV) infrastructure and space to evaluate the ability of technicians to be independent. The respondents think that the lab needed more storage space, visualization space for a large number of students, and more space in the technical/repair area. CONCLUSIONS : A space designed for the training of simulation technicians was considered to be beneficial. This laboratory requires distinct space for technical repair, adequate bench space for the maintenance and repair of simulators, an appropriate AV infrastructure, and space to evaluate the ability of technicians to be independent.
Structured training courses have shown to improve patient outcomes; however, guidelines are inconsistently applied in up to 50% of all neonatal resuscitations. This is partly due to the fact that ...psychomotor skills needed for resuscitation decay within 6 months to a year from the completion of a certification course. Currently, there are no recommendations on how often refresher training should occur to prevent skill decay.
Improve provider proficiency and confidence in the performance of neonatal resuscitation with a focus on chest compression effectiveness.
The study recruited neonatal intensive care unit providers (n = 25). A simulation-based Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) curriculum was developed and executed. Training sessions were delivered utilizing in situ simulations at varying time intervals. Pre- and postconfidence surveys and practicum skill scores were collected and evaluated by a content expert. Categorical data were summarized by frequency and percentage and tested for distributional equality via Pearson chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests depending on cell sample size distribution. All statistical tests were 2-sided with P < .05 considered statistically significant.
Provider overall confidence and rate of chest compressions improved; however, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. Rolling refresher training at varied time intervals did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in chest compression quality among NRP providers.
Rolling refresher training more frequently than every 6 months may not provide added benefit to NRP providers.
Additional research is needed to determine optimal refresher training frequency to prevent skill decay.
Scypophorus acupunctatus is reported attacking Polianthes tuberosa in Morelos, Mexico. All growth stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of this insect were collected. The average percent ...infestation was 51%.
The present study shows that natural products from Carica papaya can be considered as a valid alternative to control pests in agriculture. The insecticide properties of the seed extracts of four ...cultivars of C. papaya (Maradol, Mammee, Yellow and Hawaiian) were added to an artificial insect diet. Bioassays were conducted with hexanic, acetonic and methanolic extracts at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000ppm. All tests were performed with the first larval stage of Spodoptera frugiperda. The response variable was insect mortality. Extracts from seeds of the Maradol, Mammee and Yellow cultivars of C. papaya, followed by extracts from seeds of the Hawaiian cultivar, applied at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000pm, were toxic on S. frugiperda larvae (50-70% corrected mortality rate). The acetonic extracts of the Maradol and Mammee cultivars at 10ppm were the most effective, causing mortalities of 73.6 and 62.8% of the larvae, respectively.
In this work we studied the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane HS(CH
2)
3Si(OCH
3)
3 (MPS) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane H
2N(CH
2)
3Si(OCH
3)
3 (APS) on ...platinum surfaces. We used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), specular reflectance FTIR, and electrochemistry to study the composition and structure of the self-assembly. XPS results of the Pt modified electrodes showed the presence of sulfur and nitrogen binding energy peaks indicating the presence of MPS and APS. The platinum substrates modified with MPS and APS showed IR absorption bands corresponding to the different stretches present in both compounds. Platinum disk electrodes, before and after being submerged in 1 mM solutions of MPS and APS for 24 h, were characterized voltammetrically by using 2.5 mM K
4Fe(CN)
6 in 0.1 M KCl, as the redox active couple. The MPS/Pt system is free of mass transfer effects, which are characteristic of pinhole defects in an MPS monolayer.
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of
flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, hesperetin, naringenin, hesperidin, and naringin), cinnamic acid derivatives (
-coumaric acid, ...ferulic acid, and caffeic acid), and benzoic acids (vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) as antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive agents. An analytical method for simultaneous quantification of flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and benzoic acids for metabolomic analysis of leaves and inflorescences from
was developed with HPLC-UV-DAD. Evaluation of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, precision, and recovery was used to validate the analytical method developed. Maximum total flavonoids contents (5.2 mg/g of lyophilized material) and cinnamic acid derivatives contents (0.6 mg/g of lyophilized material) were found in leaves. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the maximum total betacyanin contents (74.4 mg/g of lyophilized material) and betaxanthin contents (31 mg/g of lyophilized material) were found in inflorescences. The leaf extract showed the highest activity in removing DPPH radicals. In vitro antidiabetic activity of extracts was performed with pancreatic α-glucosidase and intestinal α-amylase, and compared to acarbose. Both extracts exhibited a reduction in enzyme activity from 57 to 74%. Furthermore, the in vivo tests on normoglycemic murine models showed improved glucose homeostasis after sucrose load, which was significantly different from the control. In vitro antihypertensive activity of extracts was performed with angiotensin-converting enzyme and contrasted to captopril; both extracts exhibited a reduction of enzyme activity from 53 to 58%. The leaf extract induced a 45% relaxation in an ex vivo aorta model. In the molecular docking analysis, isoamaranthin and isogomphrenin-I showed predictive binding affinity for α-glucosidases (human maltase-glucoamylase and human sucrase-isomaltase), while catechin displayed binding affinity for human angiotensin-converting enzyme. The data from this study highlights the potential of
as a functional food.
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