In its typical form, an “anima projection” is a psychic experience in which a heterosexual man is caught up by an intense, almost magical attraction for a woman. What sets these numinous experiences ...apart from a common “crush” is a pattern of specific phenomenological characteristics. Anima projections are particularly common in late adolescence and early adulthood, when they can cause a deep sense of disorientation. Little education exists for young men on how to deal with these experiences and to actualize the developmental opportunity that underlies them. In this paper, I frame anima projections as an ethical problem and outline a psycho‐ethical “map” that is intended for use by disoriented young men, or by any practitioner who may be tasked with helping them navigate this challenge along the path of individuation. The map considers four solutions to the love problem: the “concretistic‐literal”, the “fearful‐avoidant”, the “rational‐depressive”, and the “transitional‐developmental” solution, and indicates the latter as the one that is conducive to optimal psychic development. Although developed with a focus on young men, the map may apply to other relations based on projection, regardless of age, sex, gender, or sexual orientation.
Dans sa forme typique, une “projection de l’anima” est une expérience psychique dans laquelle un homme hétérosexuel est pris dans une attirance intense, presque magique, pour une femme. Ce qui distingue les expériences numineuses de simples béguins, c’est un ensemble de caractéristiques phénoménologiques spécifiques. Les projections de l’anima sont particulièrement fréquentes à la fin de l’adolescence et au début de l’âge adulte, où elles produisent un profond sentiment de désorientation. Il n’existe que peu de formation pour les jeunes hommes en ce qui concerne comment faire face à de telles expériences et comment utiliser de manière profitable l’opportunité de développement qui les sous‐tend. Dans cet article, je considère les projections de l’anima comme étant un problème éthique et j’esquisse une “carte” psycho‐éthique visant à aider les jeunes hommes désorientés ‐ ou tout praticien dont la tâche est d’aider ces jeunes hommes ‐ à relever ce défi sur le chemin de l’individuation. Cette carte envisage quatre solutions au problème de l’amour: la solution “concrète‐littérale”, celle de “l’évitement angoissé”, la “dépressive‐rationnelle” et la “transitionnelle‐développementale”. La carte indique que cette dernière solution est celle qui permet un développement psychique optimal. Bien que conçue pour les jeunes hommes, cette carte peut également être utilisée pour d’autres relations fondées sur la projection, quel que soit l’âge, le sexe, le genre ou l’orientation sexuelle.
In ihrer typischen Form ist eine “Animaprojektion” eine psychische Erfahrung, bei der ein heterosexueller Mann von einer intensiven, fast magischen Anziehungskraft auf eine Frau erfaßt wird. Was diese numinosen Erfahrungen von einer gewöhnlichen “Schwärmerei” unterscheidet, ist ein Muster spezifischer phänomenologischer Merkmale. Animaprojektionen treten besonders häufig in der späten Adoleszenz und im frühen Erwachsenenalter auf, wo sie ein tiefes Gefühl der Orientierungslosigkeit hervorrufen können. Für junge Männer gibt es kaum Aufklärung darüber, wie sie mit diesen Erfahrungen umgehen und die ihnen zugrunde liegenden Entwicklungschancen verwirklichen können. In diesem Aufsatz stelle ich Animaprojektionen als ethisches Problem dar und entwerfe eine psychoethische “Landkarte”, die für desorientierte junge Männer oder jeden Praktiker gedacht ist, der die Aufgabe haben könnte, ihnen bei der Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung auf dem Weg der Individualisierung zu helfen. Die Karte betrachtet vier Lösungen für das Liebesproblem: die “konkretistisch‐wörtliche”, die “ängstlich‐vermeidende”, die “rational‐depressive” und die “übergangsweise‐entwicklungsorientierte” Lösung und gibt an, daß letztere die Lösung bildet, die förderlich ist zur optimalen psychischen Entwicklung. Obwohl die Karte mit Schwerpunkt auf junge Männer entwickelt wurde, kann sie auch auf andere auf Projektion beruhende Beziehungen angewendet werden, unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht oder sexueller Orientierung.
Nella sua forma tipica, una “proiezione dell’anima” è un’esperienza psichica in cui un uomo eterosessuale viene catturato da un’attrazione intensa, quasi magica, per una donna. Ciò che distingue queste esperienze da una comune “cotta” è un pattern di caratteristiche fenomenologiche specifiche. Le proiezioni dell’anima sono particolarmente comuni nella tarda adolescenza e nella prima età adulta, quando possono causare un profondo senso di disorientamento. C'è una scarsa educazione per i giovani su come affrontare queste esperienze e come concretizzare le opportunità di sviluppo che ne sono alla base. In questo articolo, definisco le proiezioni dell’anima come un problema etico, e delineo una “mappa” psico‐etica, destinata ad essere utilizzata da giovani uomini disorientati o da qualsiasi professionista che possa avere il compito di aiutarli ad affrontare questa sfida lungo il percorso di individuazione. La mappa considera quattro soluzioni al problema dell’amore: la soluzione “concretistica‐letterale”, la “timorosa‐evitante”, la “razionale‐depressiva” e la “transizionale‐evolutiva”, e indica quest’ultima come quella favorevole allo sviluppo psichico ottimale. Sebbene sviluppata concentrandosi sui giovani uomini, la mappa può essere applicata ad altre relazioni basate sulla proiezione, indipendentemente dall’età, dal sesso o dall’orientamento sessuale.
Типичное проявление проекции анимы ‐ это психическое переживание сильного, практически магического влечения гетеросексуального мужчины к женщине. Что отличает эти нуминозные переживания от обычной влюбленности, так это ряд особых феноменологических характеристик. Особенно часто анима проецируется в позднем подростковом и раннем взрослом возрасте, когда эти проекции могут вызывать глубокое чувство дезориентации. Молодых людей не учат тому, как справляться со своими переживаниями и использовать заложенный в них потенциал развития. В ранной статье я рассматриваю проекции анимы как этическую проблему и набрасываю психоэтическую “карту”, которую могли бы использовать дезориентированные молодые люди или специалисты‐практики, задачей которых является помочь им справиться с этой проблемой на пути индивидуации. Карта предусматривает четыре варианты решения любовной проблемы ‐ “конкретно‐буквальное”, “испуганно‐избегающее”, “рационально‐депрессивное” и “переходно‐развивающее”‐ и выделяет последнее как способствующее оптимальному психическому развитию. Хотя карта разрабатывалась преимущественно для молодых мужчин, она может применяться как ориентир для основанных на проекции отношений и в других случаях вне зависимости от возраста, пола, гендерной принадлежности или сексуальной ориентации.
En su forma típica, una “proyección del ánima” es una experiencia psíquica en la que un hombre heterosexual se ve atrapado por una atracción intensa, casi mágica, hacia una mujer. Lo que diferencia a estas experiencias numinosas de un “flechazo” común es un patrón de características fenomenológicas específicas. Las proyecciones del ánima son especialmente frecuentes al final de la adolescencia y al principio de la edad adulta, cuando pueden causar una profunda sensación de desorientación. Existe poca educación para los hombres jóvenes sobre cómo tratar estas experiencias y dar lugar a la oportunidad de crecimiento y desarrollo que subyace a las mismas. En este artículo, planteo las proyecciones del ánima como un problema ético y esbozo un "mapa" psico‐ético destinado a ser utilizado por jóvenes desorientados o por cualquier profesional que tenga la tarea de ayudarles a navegar este desafío en el camino de la individuación. El mapa considera cuatro soluciones al problema del amor: la “concreta‐literal”, la “temerosa‐evitativa”, la “racional‐depresiva” y la “transicional‐del desarrollo”, e indica esta última como la que conduce a un desarrollo psíquico óptimo. Aunque se ha elaborado centrándose en los hombres jóvenes, el mapa puede aplicarse a otras relaciones basadas en la proyección, independientemente de la edad, el sexo, el género o la orientación sexual.
一个学生的爱情问题——再探: 阿尼玛投射案例的心理伦理地图
在其典型形式中, "阿尼玛投射 "是一种心理体验, 在这种体验中, 一个异性恋男人被一个女人强烈的、近乎是魔法般的吸引力所吸引。把这一圣密性经历与普通的 "爱情"经历区别的是一种具有特殊模式的现象学特征。阿尼玛投射在青春期晚期和成年早期尤为常见, 会给人带来深深的迷失感。很少有针对年轻男性的教育, 讲述如何处理这些经历, 以及如何实现这些经历所蕴含的发展机遇。在本文中, 我将 "阿尼玛投射 "视为一个伦理问题, 并勾勒出一张心理伦理 "地图", 供迷失方向的年轻男性或任何可能负责帮助他们在个体化道路上应对这一挑战的从业者使用。该地图考虑了解决爱情问题的四种方法:”具体的‐直观的"、"恐惧‐回避"、"理性‐抑郁 "和 "过渡‐发展”的方法, 并指出后者有利于心理的最佳发展。虽然该地图是以年轻男性为重点开发的, 但它也适用于其他基于投射的关系, 不分年龄、性别或性取向。
Time-limited didactic interventions have been shown to be effective in developing "generic" case conceptualization skills. The objective of this study is to test whether similar interventions can be ...used to develop case conceptualization skills that are "specific" to a treatment modality.
University psychology students were randomized to a target (n = 62) or a control group (n = 62). The target group received a training on psychoanalytic case conceptualization skills based on the newly-developed operators model. The control group received a training on generic case conceptualization skills based on the well-established 5 Ps model.
The students' self-efficacy for case conceptualization significantly increased in both groups. However, students in the target group reported a significantly greater increase in psychoanalytic case conceptualization skills and in their ability to make clinical inferences. The teaching method, as well as the case conceptualization models, were acceptable to students. However, the 5 Ps model was significantly more acceptable to students than the operators model.
This is the first RCT to provide evidence that psychoanalytic case conceptualization skills can be developed through didactic teaching and that they constitute a specific set of skills that are not developed by learning generic case conceptualization skills.
In this paper, the authors develop a model of psychoanalytic clinical reasoning as the inferential process by which analytic therapists are able to arrive at an understanding of the clinical ...material. Starting from Bion's theory of functions, the authors propose that a "function" can be thought of as a condition-action sequence that analytic therapists implicitly use to respond to certain configurations of elements in the material by executing conceptual or reflective operations. To investigate the main families of functions that are used by analytic therapists in everyday practice, the authors used an interpersonal process recall procedure based on supervision sessions from a theoretically heterogeneous group of participants. A consensual procedure was developed to identify operations, spell out the underlying functions, and group functions into families. Twelve families of functions were identified that appear to be used by analytic therapists regardless of their schools of thought. The authors call them the "operators" of psychoanalytic clinical reasoning. According to the operators model, the process of psychoanalytic clinical reasoning consists in the chaining together of operations using functions from different families. A specific collection of "clinical reasoning styles" seems to be interwoven in this process. Different avenues open up for research, clinical practice, and training.
Abstract The hamstring muscles frequently suffer injury during high-speed running, though the factors that make an individual more susceptible to injury remain poorly understood. The goals of this ...study were to measure the musculotendon dimensions of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) muscle, the hamstring muscle injured most often, and to use computational models to assess the influence of variability in the BFlh’s dimensions on internal tissue strains during high-speed running. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired over the thigh in 12 collegiate athletes, and musculotendon dimensions were measured in the proximal free tendon/aponeurosis, muscle and distal free tendon/aponeurosis. Finite element meshes were generated based on the average, standard deviation and range of BFlh dimensions. Simulation boundary conditions were defined to match muscle activation and musculotendon length change in the BFlh during high-speed running. Muscle and connective tissue dimensions were found to vary between subjects, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 17±6% across all dimensions. For all simulations peak local strain was highest along the proximal myotendinous junction, which is where injury typically occurs. Model variations showed that peak local tissue strain increased as the proximal aponeurosis width narrowed and the muscle width widened. The aponeurosis width and muscle width variation models showed that the relative dimensions of these structures influence internal muscle tissue strains. The results of this study indicate that a musculotendon unit’s architecture influences its strain injury susceptibility during high-speed running.
Highlights • Soft tissue artifact (STA) was measured dynamically using dual fluoroscopy (DF). • Maximum STA was 5.4 cm for the greater trochanter marker during hip rotation. • Significant errors in ...joint angles occurred in all anatomical planes. • Range of motion was reduced for skin marker measurements relative to DF. • During walking RMS angle errors were unchanged by marker choice or hip constraints.
Complex sensor arrays prohibit practical deployment of existing wearables-based algorithms for free-living analysis of muscle and joint mechanics. Machine learning techniques have been proposed as a ...potential solution, however, they are less interpretable and generalizable when compared to physics-based techniques. Herein, we propose a hybrid method utilizing inertial sensor- and electromyography (EMG)-driven simulation of muscle contraction to characterize knee joint and muscle mechanics during walking gait. Machine learning is used only to map a subset of measured muscle excitations to a full set thereby reducing the number of required sensors. We demonstrate the utility of the approach for estimating net knee flexion moment (KFM) as well as individual muscle moment and work during the stance phase of gait across nine unimpaired subjects. Across all subjects, KFM was estimated with 0.91%BW*H RMSE and strong correlations ( r = 0.87) compared to ground truth inverse dynamics analysis. Estimates of individual muscle moments were strongly correlated ( r = 0.81-0.99) with a reference EMG-driven technique using optical motion capture and a full set of electrodes as were estimates of muscle work ( r = 0.88-0.99). Implementation of the proposed technique in the current work included instrumenting only three muscles with surface electrodes (lateral and medial gastrocnemius and vastus medialis) and both the thigh and shank segments with inertial sensors. These sensor locations permit instrumentation of a knee brace/sleeve facilitating a practically deployable mechanism for monitoring muscle and joint mechanics with performance comparable to the current state-of-the-art.
The process of case conceptualization in psychoanalysis has at times been described by those involved as the progressive emergence of a “logic” that can be grasped only retrospectively. However, ...there has been little effort to frame this phenomenon in a theoretically grounded way. In this article, we suggest that Hegel’s doctrine of the cunning of reason may be used to better understand the process of psychoanalytic case conceptualization. According to Hegel, historical agents unwittingly realize the logic of history by pursuing their passion for self-aggrandizement. Analogously, we propose that reflective agents unwittingly realize the logic of the case by pursuing their passion for understanding. We illustrate this process by means of two case examples drawn from supervision sessions that were subjected to an interpersonal process recall procedure. The examples are used to document the progressive emergence of the logic of the case in a succession of reflective rounds, as evidenced by the unconscious repetition of certain words or clinical acts. However, it is only at the end of the process that the reflective agents can retrospectively become aware of the logic that was there from the beginning. In this sense, reflective agents may be thought of as the “means” through which a case attains the purpose of conceptualizing itself. We highlight five conditions for this purpose to be fulfilled: time, immersion, passion, opposition, and reflection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
•Dual-fluoroscopy measured in vivo kinematics during static and dynamic activities.•Hip rotation was measured during static and dynamic activities.•Static hip rotation was strongly correlated with ...dynamic hip rotation.•Femoral anteversion was positively correlated with static and dynamic hip rotation.•Data suggest subjects use hip rotation to compensate for increased anteversion.
Individuals are thought to compensate for femoral anteversion by altering hip rotation. However, the relationship between hip rotation in a neutral position (i.e. static rotation) and dynamic hip rotation is poorly understood, as is the relationship between anteversion and hip rotation.
Herein, anteversion and in-vivo hip rotation during standing, walking, and pivoting were measured in eleven asymptomatic, morphologically normal, young adults using three-dimensional computed tomography models and dual fluoroscopy.
Using correlation analyses, we: 1) determined the relationship between hip rotation in the static position to that measured during dynamic activities, and 2) evaluated the association between femoral anteversion and hip rotation during dynamic activities. Hip rotation was calculated while standing (static-rotation), throughout gait, as a mean during gait (mean gait rotation), and as a mean (mid-pivot rotation), maximum (max-rotation) and minimum (min-rotation) during pivoting.
Static-rotation (mean ± standard deviation; 11.3° ± 7.3°) and mean gait rotation (7.8° ± 4.7°) were positively correlated (r = 0.679, p = 0.022). Likewise, static-rotation was strongly correlated with mid-pivot rotation (r = 0.837, p = 0.001), max-rotation (r = 0.754, p = 0.007), and min-rotation (r = 0.835, p = 0.001). Strong positive correlations were found between anteversion and hip internal rotation during all of the stance phase (0–60% gait) and during mid- and terminal-swing (86–100% gait) (all r > 0.607, p < 0.05).
Our results suggest that the static position may be used cautiously to express the neutral rotational position of the femur for dynamic movements. Further, our results indicate that femoral anteversion is compensated for by altering hip rotation. As such, both anteversion and hip rotation may be important to consider when diagnosing hip pathology and planning for surgical procedures.
Rigid body musculoskeletal models have been applied to study kinematics, moments, muscle forces, and joint reaction forces in the hip. Most often, models are driven with segment motions calculated ...through optical tracking of markers adhered to the skin. One limitation of optical tracking is soft tissue artifact (STA), which occurs due to motion of the skin surface relative to the underlying skeleton. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences in musculoskeletal model outputs when tracking body segment positions with skin markers as compared to bony landmarks measured by direct imaging of bone motion with dual fluoroscopy (DF). Eleven asymptomatic participants with normally developed hip anatomy were imaged with DF during level treadmill walking at a self-selected speed. Hip joint kinematics and kinetics were generated using inverse kinematics, inverse dynamics, static optimization and joint reaction force analysis. The effect of STA was assessed by comparing the difference in estimates from simulations based on skin marker positions (SM) versus virtual markers on bony landmarks from DF. While patterns were similar, STA caused underestimation of kinematics, range of motion (ROM), moments, and reaction forces at the hip, including flexion-extension ROM, maximum internal rotation joint moment and peak joint reaction force magnitude. Still, kinetic differences were relatively small, and thus they may not be relevant nor clinically meaningful.
Cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a painful, structural hip disorder. Herein, we investigated hip joint mechanics through in vivo, dynamic measurement of the bone‐to‐bone ...distance between the femoral head and acetabulum in patients with cam FAI syndrome and morphologically screened controls. We hypothesized that individuals with cam FAI syndrome would have larger changes in bone‐to‐bone distance compared to the control group, which we would interpret as altered joint mechanics as signified by greater movement of the femoral head as it articulates within the acetabulum. Seven patients with cam FAI syndrome and 11 asymptomatic individuals with typical morphology underwent dual fluoroscopy imaging during level and inclined walking (upward slope). The change in bone‐to‐bone distance between femoral and acetabular bone surfaces was evaluated for five anatomical regions of the acetabulum at each timepoint of gait. Linear regression analysis of the bone‐to‐bone distance considered two within‐subject factors (activity and region) and one between‐subjects factor (group). Across activities, the change in minimum bone‐to‐bone distance was 1.38–2.54 mm for the cam FAI group and 1.16–1.84 mm for controls. In all regions except the anterior–superior region, the change in bone‐to‐bone distance was larger in the cam group than the control group (p ≤ 0.024). An effect of activity was detected only in the posterior–superior region where larger changes were noted during level walking than incline walking. Statement of clinical significance: Patients with cam FAI syndrome exhibit altered hip joint mechanics during the low‐demand activity of walking; these alterations could affect load transmission, and contribute to pain, tissue damage, and osteoarthritis.
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