Effective use of driving simulators requires considerable technical and methodological skill along with considerable background knowledge. Acquiring the requisite knowledge and skills can be ...extraordinarily time consuming, yet there has been no single convenient and comprehensive source of information on the driving simulation research being conduc
State-of-the-art analysis of geological structures has become increasingly quantitative but traditionally, graphical methods are used in teaching. This innovative lab book provides a unified ...methodology for problem-solving in structural geology using linear algebra and computation. Assuming only limited mathematical training, the book begins with classic orientation problems and progresses to more fundamental topics of stress, strain and error propagation. It introduces linear algebra methods as the foundation for understanding vectors and tensors, and demonstrates the application of geometry and kinematics in geoscience without requiring students to take a supplementary mathematics course. All algorithms are illustrated with a suite of online MATLAB functions, allowing users to modify the code to solve their own structural problems. Containing 20 worked examples and over 60 exercises, this is the ideal lab book for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. It will also provide professional structural geologists with a valuable reference and refresher for calculations.
Automobile crashes are the seventh leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in over 1.25 million deaths yearly. Automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles have the potential to reduce crashes ...significantly, while also reducing congestion, carbon emissions, and increasing accessibility. However, the transition could take decades. This new handbook serves a diverse community of stakeholders, including human factors researchers, transportation engineers, regulatory agencies, automobile manufacturers, fleet operators, driving instructors, vulnerable road users, and special populations. The handbook provides information about the human driver, other road users, and human–automation interaction in a single, integrated compendium in order to ensure that automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles reach their full potential.
Features
Addresses four major transportation challenges—crashes, congestion, carbon emissions, and accessibility—from a human factors perspective
Discusses the role of the human operator relevant to the design, regulation, and evaluation of automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles
Offers a broad treatment of the critical issues and technological advances for the designing of transportation systems with the driver in mind
Presents an understanding of the human factors issues that are central to the public acceptance of these automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles
Leverages lessons from other domains in understanding human interactions with automation
Sets the stage for future research by defining the space of unexplored questions
Quartz veins from a subhorizontal shear zone in the Kodiak accretionary complex in southwest Alaska record cycles of cracking and sealing contemporaneous with simple shear, and analysis of the vein ...array in the context of silica dissolution, diffusion, and precipitation leads to the conclusion that the time needed to seal after a fracture event overlaps with the time scales associated with the recurrence of slip instabilities along active megathrusts. The central belt of the Kodiak accretionary complex is interpreted as a shear zone developed adjacent to a paleo-decollement that was active in the Late Cretaceous based on large strain magnitudes, recumbent isoclinal folds, and regional cleavage patterns that depict rotation of the steep cleavage that characterizes most of the Kodiak Formation into the horizontal fabrics of the central belt. Within this regional shear zone, crack-seal veins composed of quartz with phyllosilicate inclusion bands are spaced at less than a cm but en echelon vein arrays are spaced at 500 cm. These arrays indicate top-to-the southeast shear on southeast dipping brittle-ductile shear zones. Vein textures indicate cracking and sealing of thin veins in the matrix, but thicker veins in en echelon sets record initial cracking and sealing followed by periodic collapse of fracture porosity at a frequency that is lower than the frequency of crack-seal cycles. Silica depletion zones in the wall rock adjacent to veins indicate local transport of silica by diffusion. By combining the maximum time in which diffusion could dominate over advection with the time needed to precipitate the quartz associated with one crack-seal band, we show that a reasonable range of ΔP, or pressure difference between matrix and crack, can produce crack seal bands in less than 10 days. This time frame is less than the recurrence of earthquakes, and similar to the duration of some slow earthquakes in nature. Therefore, silica redistribution could play a role in modulating the frequency of plate boundary slip instabilities along convergent plate boundaries.
•A regional subhorizontal shear zone in Alaska is a Cretaceous paleodecollement.•Dense veins networks are arrayed in regularly spaced brittle–ductile shear zones.•Microstructures indicate periodic cracking and sealing.•Silica depletion zones adjacent to veins indicate local diffusive transport of silica.•A kinetic model indicates filling of cracks in as little as 7 days.
Subduction interfaces exhibit a variety of slip behaviors, including megathrust and slow earthquakes. Field observations are consistent with crack‐seal deformation, in which tensile cracks are sealed ...by fluid‐transported solute. However, there are few constraints on the mass fluxes and length and time scales of such deformation and attendant increases in cohesion within the seismogenic zone. Here, we present a systematic geochemical investigation of mass transport associated with development of crack‐seal veins in the Shimanto Belt—an accretionary complex that preserves a record of plate boundary slip behavior at temperatures relevant to the seismogenic zone: 150–350°C. These mélanges show evidence for shear across decameter‐scale zones of deformation dominated by anastomosing scaly fabrics and pervasive veins. We use meso‐ and microstructural observations with geochemical observations of scaly fabrics and crack‐seal veins to evaluate the role of silica redistribution in healing fracture porosity along the plate interface and modulating slip behavior. Crack‐seal veins contain primarily quartz with albite and calcite, and vein textures provide evidence for partial sealing. Bulk rock analyses determined that the amount of phyllosilicates, specifically illite and chlorite, increases with temperature. A simple mass‐balance model based on the immobile chemical component TiO2 shows a systematic trend in mobility for all three mélanges and increased element mobility as a function of temperature. Scaly fabrics and veins show compositional evidence for locally sourced mineral redistribution. This study supports a model where development of scaly slip surfaces and fracture healing through temperature‐dependent mineral redistribution can impact slip behavior and fluid flow along the subduction plate interface.
Plain Language Summary
The largest earthquakes on earth occur at the interface between downgoing and overriding tectonic plates. Most of these earthquakes initiate where the plate boundary temperature is between 150 and 350°C, suggesting that the processes that govern slip behavior and earthquake size are temperature‐dependent. A record can be found in the Shimanto Belt of Japan, where rocks deformed along the plate boundary at the temperatures of seismogenesis are exposed at the surface. The evidence of this deformation is found in fault rocks with fractured blocks of sandstone in an intensely sheared matrix of a mudstone, characterized by a scaly fabric of anastomosing polished and striated microfaults. A variety of analytical methods show that deformation in these rocks is facilitated by metamorphic reactions in scaly microfaults and local diffusion of mobile elements from mudstones to cracks in sandstone blocks. During the interseismic period, this local mineral redistribution has the potential to modify the physical properties of rocks along the plate interface through tectonic compaction, cementation, and reduction of fracture porosity. The restrengthening of faults after seismic slip events is a necessary feature for punctuated slip events that occur in response to the continuous and relentless motion of tectonic plates.
Key Points
Deformation along scaly fabrics in subduction melange is facilitated by dissolution of feldspar during growth of new phyllosilicates
Scaly fabrics show depletion of fluid‐mobile elements, and enrichment in fluid‐immobile elements, whereas veins show an opposite trend
Results indicate diffusive control of element transport, which leads to interseismic changes in rheology along the plate interface
Older drivers are at increased risk of intersection crashes. Previous work found that older drivers execute less frequent glances for detecting potential threats at intersections than middle-aged ...drivers. Yet, earlier work has also shown that an active training program doubled the frequency of these glances among older drivers, suggesting that these effects are not necessarily due to age-related functional declines. In light of findings, the current study sought to explore the ability of older drivers to coordinate their head and eye movements while simultaneously steering the vehicle as well as their glance behavior at intersections. In a driving simulator, older (M = 76 yrs) and middle-aged (M = 58 yrs) drivers completed different driving tasks: (1) travelling straight on a highway while scanning for peripheral information (a visual search task) and (2) navigating intersections with areas potential hazard. The results replicate that the older drivers did not execute glances for potential threats to the sides when turning at intersections as frequently as the middle-aged drivers. Furthermore, the results demonstrate costs of performing two concurrent tasks, highway driving and visual search task on the side displays: the older drivers performed more poorly on the visual search task and needed to correct their steering positions more compared to the middle-aged counterparts. The findings are consistent with the predictions and discussed in terms of a decoupling hypothesis, providing an account for the effects of the active training program.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We develop a linear viscous constitutive relationship for pressure solution constrained by models of deformed metasedimentary rocks and observations of exposed rocks from ancient subduction zones. We ...include pressure and temperature dependence on the solubility of silica in fluid by parameterizing a practical van't Hoff relationship. This general flow law is well suited for making predictions about interseismic behavior of subduction zones. We apply the flow law to Cascadia, where thermal structure, geometry, relative plate velocity, and Global Positioning System velocity field are well constrained. Results are consistent with the temperature conditions at which resolvable ductile strain is recorded in subducted mudstones (at depths near the updip limit of the seismogenic zone) and with relative plate motion accommodated completely by viscous deformation (at depths near the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone). The flow law also predicts the observed forearc tapering of slip rate deficit with depth.
K‐Ar ages of clay‐sized mineral grains are used to determine the timing of activity on fossil seismogenic faults within the Cretaceous‐Paleogene Shimanto accretionary complex, southwest Japan. ...Samples were collected from three regional faults that separate hanging wall coherent rocks from footwall subduction mélange: the Goshikinohama Fault that caps the Yokonami mélange, the roof thrust of the Okitsu mélange, and the Nobeoka Thrust that caps the Hyuga mélange. The K‐Ar ages of fault rocks decrease with decreasing 2M1 illite polytype component, indicating a mixture of 1Md and 2M1 illite polytypes. Based on illite dating analysis, the extrapolated ages of the pure 2M1 illite polytype from the Goshikinohama Fault, the roof thrust of the Okitsu mélange, and the Nobeoka Thrust are 79.3 ± 5.0, 66.1 ± 8.1, and 46.7 ± 8.2 Ma, respectively, similar to the depositional age of each host rock. Lower intercepts of regression lines, which correspond to samples containing 100% authigenic illite, are calculated as 50.7 ± 1.4, 18.4 ± 1.2, and 24.4 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. These ages are significantly younger than both the depositional ages and the timing of accretion. These results indicate that authigenic illite associated with fault slip is not related to underthrusting along the subduction interface but rather formed during out‐of‐sequence thrusting in the upper plate. Early Miocene slip along faults of the northern Shimanto belt is coincident with major tectonic events along the convergent margin, including collision with elements of the Izu‐Bonin volcanic arc‐backarc system, and opening of the Japan Sea.
Key Points
The northern Shimanto belt exposes three regional faults that cap subduction mélange
K‐Ar ages of fault rocks decrease with decreasing 2M1 illite polytype component due to a mixture of 1Md and 2M1 illite polytypes
Lower intercepts (e.g., 100% authigenic illite) are younger than accretion, indicating out‐of‐sequence faulting within the upper plate
In teen drivers with ADHD, training in a simulator to avoid glancing away from the roadway reduced the incidence of collisions and near-collisions in real-world driving over 1 year.
Training programs exist that prove effective at teaching novice drivers to anticipate latent hazards (RAPT), mitigate hazards (ACT) and maintain attention (FOCAL). The current study (a) measures the ...effectiveness of a novel integrated training program (SAFE-T) that takes only a third as long to complete compared to the three individual training programs and (b) determines if integrating the training of all the three higher cognitive skills would yield results comparable to the existing programs. Three groups were evaluated: SAFE-T, RAPT and Placebo. The results show that the drivers in the SAFE-T-trained group were more likely to anticipate hazards, quicker and more effective at responding to hazards, and more likely to maintain glance durations under a critical threshold of 2 s as compared to drivers in the Placebo-trained group who received a control program that does not actively train on any of the three cognitive skills. Moreover, the results show that the drivers in the SAFE-T trained group were just as likely to anticipate hazards as the drivers in the RAPT trained group. Finally, when compared with prior studies, the drivers in the SAFE-T trained group showed similar effects of attention maintenance training.
•The current study measures the effectiveness of an integrated training program that takes only a third as long to complete compared to three individual training programs for hazard anticipation, hazard mitigation, and attention maintenance skills.•Drivers in the SAFE-T-trained group were more likely to anticipate hazards, quicker and more effective at responding to hazards, and more likely to keep glance durations under a critical threshold of 2 s as compared to drivers in the Placebo-trained group.•Drivers in the SAFE-T trained group showed the same effect of attention maintenance training as drivers who had been trained using FOCAL when compared with prior studies.
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