Fever is a cardinal response to infection that has been conserved in warm-blooded and cold-blooded vertebrates for more than 600 million years of evolution. The fever response is executed by ...integrated physiological and neuronal circuitry and confers a survival benefit during infection. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of how the inflammatory cues delivered by the thermal element of fever stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. We further highlight the unexpected multiplicity of roles of the pyrogenic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), both during fever induction and during the mobilization of lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs that are the staging ground for immune defence. We also discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that the adrenergic signalling pathways associated with thermogenesis shape immune cell function.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Camera trapping has consequently spread across the global south and developing countries (Agha et al., 2018; Cremonesi et al., 2021; Galindo-Aguilar et al., 2022). Many private citizens run their own ...camera traps; networking observations from these citizen scientists have yielded great insights and will continue to do so (McShea et al., 2016). ...though camera trapping has largely been used for mammals, it is expanding taxonomically to include vegetation communities (Seyednasrollah et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2021), herptiles (Moore et al., 2020; Welbourne et al., 2020), and avifauna (Jachowski et al., 2015; Murphy et al., 2018).
Moral intuitions are a central motivator in human behavior. Recent work highlights the importance of moral intuitions for understanding a wide range of issues ranging from online radicalization to ...vaccine hesitancy. Extracting and analyzing moral content in messages, narratives, and other forms of public discourse is a critical step toward understanding how the psychological influence of moral judgments unfolds at a global scale. Extant approaches for extracting moral content are limited in their ability to capture the intuitive nature of moral sensibilities, constraining their usefulness for understanding and predicting human moral behavior. Here we introduce the extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD), a dictionary-based tool for extracting moral content from textual corpora. The eMFD, unlike previous methods, is constructed from text annotations generated by a large sample of human coders. We demonstrate that the eMFD outperforms existing approaches in a variety of domains. We anticipate that the eMFD will contribute to advance the study of moral intuitions and their influence on social, psychological, and communicative processes.
Abstract Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are standardizable cosmological candles that led to the discovery of the accelerating Universe. However, the physics of how white dwarfs (WDs) explode and lead to ...SNe Ia is still poorly understood. The initiation of the detonation front that rapidly disrupts the WD is a crucial element of the puzzle, and global 3D simulations of SNe Ia cannot resolve the requisite length scales to capture detonation initiation. In this work, we elucidate a theoretical criterion for detonation initiation in the distributed burning regime. We test this criterion against local 3D driven turbulent hydrodynamical simulations within electron-degenerate WD matter consisting initially of pure helium. We demonstrate a novel pathway for detonation, in which strong turbulent dissipation rapidly heats the helium, and forms carbon nuclei sufficient to lead to a detonation through accelerated burning via α captures. Simulations of strongly driven turbulent conditions lead to detonations at a mean density of 10 6 g cm −3 and mean temperature of 1.4–1.8 × 10 9 K, but fail to detonate at a lower density of 10 5 g cm −3 , in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.
This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid nanostructure comprised of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on graphene layers for supercapacitor applications. The entire ...nanostructure (CNTs and graphene) was fabricated via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and designed to minimize self-aggregation of the graphene and CNTs. Growth parameters of the CNTs were optimized by adjusting the gas flow rates of hydrogen and methane to control the simultaneous, competing reactions of carbon formation toward CNT growth and hydrogenation which suppresses CNT growth via hydrogen etching of carbon. Characterization of the supercapacitor performance of the CNT-graphene hybrid nanostructure indicated that the average measured capacitance of a fabricated graphene-CNT structure was 653.7 μF cm(-2) at 10 mV s(-1) with a standard rectangular cyclic voltammetry curve. Rapid charging-discharging characteristics (mV s(-1)) were exhibited with a capacitance of approximately 75% (490.3 μF cm(-2)). These experimental results indicate that this CNT-graphene structure has the potential towards three-dimensional (3D) graphene-CNT multi-stack structures for high-performance supercapacitors.
In seasonal environments, the ability of mustelid species to acquire carrion-a dietary resource heavily depended upon-is driven by a collection local habitat characteristics and competition dynamics. ...In resource-scarce winter, sympatric mesocarnivores must balance energetic rewards of carrion with avoiding antagonistic interactions with conspecifics. We examined scavenging interactions among three mustelid species in the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Camera traps (n = 59) were baited with carrion during winter between 2006 to 2008. Spatial and temporal dimensions of scavenger behaviour (i.e., carcass use) were evaluated using a multi-model approach, which enabled us to recognize potentially adaptive behavioural mechanisms for mitigating competition at carcass sites. Best performing models indicated that carrion site use is governed by a combination of competition threats and environmental factors. A decrease in scavenging with increasing snow depth was observed across all species. Mustelids adopted a host of adaptive behavioural strategies to access shared scavenging opportunities. We found evidence that wolverine (Gulo gulo) and American marten (Martes americana) segregate in space but temporally tracked one another. Short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea) scavenging decreased with greater site use by marten. Carcass availability across a spatially complex environment, as well as spatial-temporal avoidance strategies, can facilitate carrion resource partitioning.
Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay Kemp, W. M.; Boynton, W. R.; Adolf, J. E. ...
Marine ecology. Progress series (Halstenbek),
11/2005, Letnik:
303
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This review provides an integrated synthesis with timelines and evaluations of ecological responses to eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the USA. Analyses of dated sediment ...cores reveal initial evidence of organic enrichment in ~200 yr old strata, while signs of increased phytoplankton and decreased water clarity first appeared ~100 yr ago. Severe, recurring deep-water hypoxia and loss of diverse submersed vascular plants were first evident in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively. The degradation of these benthic habitats has contributed to declines in benthic macroinfauna in deep mesohaline regions of the Bay and blue crabs in shallow polyhaline areas. In contrast, copepods, which are heavily consumed in pelagic food chains, are relatively unaffected by nutrient-induced changes in phytoplankton. Intense mortality associated with fisheries and disease have caused a dramatic decline in eastern oyster stocks and associated Bay water filtration, which may have exacerbated eutrophication effects on phytoplankton and water clarity. Extensive tidal marshes, which have served as effective nutrient buffers along the Bay margins, are now being lost with rising sea level. Although the Bay’s overall fisheries production has probably not been affected by eutrophication, decreases in the relative contribution of demersal fish and in the efficiency with which primary production is transferred to harvest suggest fundamental shifts in trophic and habitat structures. Bay ecosystem responses to changes in nutrient loading are complicated by non-linear feedback mechanisms, including particle trapping and binding by benthic plants that increase water clarity, and by oxygen effects on benthic nutrient recycling efficiency. Observations in Bay tributaries undergoing recent reductions in nutrient input indicate relatively rapid recovery of some ecosystem functions but lags in the response of others.
We study geodesic flows over compact rank 1 manifolds and prove that sufficiently regular potential functions have unique equilibrium states if the singular set does not carry full pressure. In ...dimension 2, this proves uniqueness for scalar multiples of the geometric potential on the interval
(
-
∞
,
1
)
, which is optimal. In higher dimensions, we obtain the same result on a neighborhood of 0, and give examples where uniqueness holds on all of
R
. For general potential functions
φ
, we prove that the pressure gap holds whenever
φ
is locally constant on a neighborhood of the singular set, which allows us to give examples for which uniqueness holds on a
C
0
-open and dense set of Hölder potentials.
The chemical composition of formation waters within the upper basaltic crust were calculated or measured at 24 sites on the northwest portion of the Juan de Fuca (JDF) Plate using data from sediment ...pore waters, scientific boreholes, and seafloor springs. Formation waters differ in composition across this ridge‐flank region because of variations in water‐rock reactions and residence times, exchange rates with overlying sediment pore waters, and microbial processes along flow paths. We interpret spatial variations in the solute composition of formation waters to resolve areas that are geochemically distinct or similar, lateral trends that result from water transport, areas where water‐rock reactions in the deeper crust are apparent, and sites of seawater recharge and formation water discharge. We provide evidence for large‐scale lateral flow associated with two (mostly) buried basement ridges on ∼1.4 and ∼3.5 Ma seafloor, which are subparallel to the JDF spreading axis to the west. Between these two ridges, where the seafloor and the sediment‐basement interface are relatively flat, formation waters have undergone extensive exchange with overlying sediment pore waters, consistent with a long residence time. Basaltic outcrops provide sites of seawater recharge and hydrothermal discharge, sometimes through the same feature, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of hydrogeologic conditions and processes. This work provides a blueprint for future plate‐scale studies to assess, for example, geologic controls of crustal age, spreading rate, and sedimentation on subsurface hydrologic patterns.
Plain Language Summary
Seawater flows through the upper volcanic crust like groundwater in aquifers on land. As seawater moves through basaltic rocks it becomes altered from reaction with crustal rocks and microbes and from mixing with other fluids. The magnitude of this flow is significant with discharge from the oceanic crust equivalent to the discharge of Earth's rivers to the ocean. This paper combines geochemical data from crustal formation waters at 24 locations across a vast area in the northeastern Pacific Ocean offshore of North America. These data characterize hydrologic processes including: subseafloor areas that are well connected or isolated from each other, places where crustal formation waters appear to travel tens of kilometers through the seafloor, and other areas where sites separated by just a few kilometers are poorly connected. We also document sites where basaltic outcrops allow cool seawater to recharge into the ocean crust, and other outcrops where reacted crustal waters discharge. By combining data collected over decades at multiple sites across a vast region, we developed a nuanced understanding of subsurface plate‐scale transport of crustal formation waters, improving our understand of how the oceanic crust evolves and the impact it has on the composition of seawater.
Key Points
Systematic differences in the chemical composition of ridge‐flank, crustal waters define patterns of solute transport within a 104 km2 area
Some ridge‐flank regions are hydrogeologically isolated, and other areas are connected across distances of kilometers to tens of kilometers
Hydrothermal discharge and recharge occur mainly though volcanic rock outcrops, with some outcrops both recharging and discharging
PDF
