Abstract It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that primary prevention is the most effective and affordable method to prevent chronic disease, and that dietary intervention ...positively impacts health outcomes across the life span. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered are critical members of health care teams and are essential to delivering nutrition-focused preventive services in clinical and community settings, advocating for policy and programmatic initiatives, and leading research in disease prevention and health promotion. Health-promotion and disease-prevention strategies are effective at reducing morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life, and have a significant impact on the leading causes of disease. By applying these principles within a social ecological theoretical framework, positive influence can be applied across the spectrum of engagement: at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy levels. Through the application of efficacious and cost-effective interventions, registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, can positively impact public health as well as health outcomes for the individuals that they counsel. This position paper supports the “Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The Role of Nutrition in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention” published on the Academy's website at: www.eatright.org/positions.
Hypoxia is a feature of the microenvironment of a growing tumor. The transcription factor NFκB is activated in hypoxia, an event that has significant implications for tumor progression. Here, we ...demonstrate that hypoxia activates NFκB through a pathway involving activation of IκB kinase-β (IKKβ) leading to phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IκBα and liberation of NFκB. Furthermore, through increasing the pool and/or activation potential of IKKβ, hypoxia amplifies cellular sensitivity to stimulation with TNFα. Within its activation loop, IKKβ contains an evolutionarily conserved LxxLAP consensus motif for hydroxylation by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Mimicking hypoxia by treatment of cells with siRNA against PHD-1 or PHD-2 or the pan-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor DMOG results in NFκB activation. Conversely, overexpression of PHD-1 decreases cytokine-stimulated NFκB reporter activity, further suggesting a repressive role for PHD-1 in controlling the activity of NFκB. Hypoxia increases both the expression and activity of IKKβ, and site-directed mutagenesis of the proline residue (P191A) of the putative IKKβ hydroxylation site results in a loss of hypoxic inducibility. Thus, we hypothesize that hypoxia releases repression of NFκB activity through decreased PHD-dependent hydroxylation of IKKβ, an event that may contribute to tumor development and progression through amplification of tumorigenic signaling pathways. IKK
•Low ORN incidence 4.4% (47/1,050)•Increased risk ORN with mandibular surgery.•Complete ORN resolution in 17% of patients.•Opportunities for risk reduction identified.•Intensive lifelong dental care ...essential.
To assess osteoradionecrosis (ORN) incidence in a population of Irish Head and Neck cancer (HNC) patients, and assess precipitating factors that may contribute to ORN development to aid prevention.
Review of 1050 HNC patients attending the Dental Oncology Clinic, CUDSH between 2010 and 2021 identified 47 cases of ORN. Medical, dental and radiotherapy records of these forty-seven patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patient-, tumour-, and treatment-related variables were investigated in association with osteoradionecrosis development. Analysis conducted using SPSS, Pearson’s Chi-square test (p < 0.05), and ordinal regression model.
ORN incidence was 4.4 %. Median time from radiotherapy (RT) to ORN development was 9.5 months (range 1–98.5 months). ORN development within the mandibular surgical site was significant (p <.001), presenting at a higher Notani grade (p =.002), in mid-mandibular body region (p =.028), at radiation doses ≥ 60 Gy (p =.035), due to induced causes (p =.029), and without resolution (p =.019).
This is the first retrospective study of ORN in HNC patients in Ireland over 10-year period. ORN incidence was extremely low (4.4%). As patients reported high smoking/alcohol use and poor dental attendance pre-diagnosis, this suggests intensive dental intervention pre/post-diagnosis contributed to low ORN rates. Mandibular surgery pre-RT increased risk of developing ORN at the surgical site. Therefore, we recommend future treatment planning should contour the surgical site, designating it an organ at risk (OAR), assigning a dose constraint, where oncologically possible, with emphasis on reducing the hot-spot to this region; findings reinforce importance of life-long expert dental care to reduce ORN incidence.
Abstract Food intake, lifestyle behaviors, and obesity are linked to the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. It is recognized that ...physical and social environment influences individuals' behaviors, and some population subgroups such as racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with low socioeconomic status or limited literacy or language abilities seem to be especially vulnerable to disparities in disease risk factors, disease prevalence, or health outcomes. Certain life cycle phases appear to be especially important for health promotion and disease prevention as the development of chronic diseases can take several decades. Such complex health issues often require system-wide, multifactorial, and multidisciplinary solutions. Social ecological models, with approaches spanning from individual level to macro policy level, can provide registered dietitians (RDs) and dietetic technicians, registered (DTRs) with a comprehensive framework to promote health and to prevent chronic diseases. Furthermore, the Nutrition Care Process can be utilized in carrying out the health promotion and disease prevention efforts. RDs and DTRs have the training and requisite skills to be leaders and active members of multidisciplinary teams to promote health and prevent chronic diseases across the life span. The position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that primary prevention is the most effective, affordable method to prevent chronic disease, and that dietary intervention positively impacts health outcomes across the life span. RDs and DTRs are critical members of health care teams and are essential to delivering nutrition-focused preventive services in clinical and community settings, advocating for policy and programmatic initiatives, and leading research in disease prevention and health promotion. In concordance with the Academy's position, this practice paper provides an overview of practice examples, effective program components, and a comprehensive range of health promotion and chronic disease prevention strategies for RDs and DTRs. This paper supports the “Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The Role of Nutrition in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention” published in the July 2013 Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
The functionalization of polyfluorene (PFO) nanoparticles by coprecipitation of the conjugated polymer with an amphiphilic comb polymer, consisting of a hydrophobic polystyrene backbone with ...hydrophilic, carboxylic acid-terminated polyethylene oxide side-chains (PS-PEG-COOH), is investigated. The comb polymer affects the properties of the formed hybrid nanoparticles. Non-functionalized particles are typically larger (28 nm) than functionalized ones (20 nm); peak molar extinction coefficients are found to differ in a similar trend. Zeta potentials are negative, consistent with negative surface charge on PFO particles due to chemical defect formation, with additional charge on functionalized particles due to the pendant carboxylic acid groups. Emission quantum yields of functionalized particles are typically larger, consistent with lower efficiency of energy transfer to quenchers in smaller particles and weaker PFO interchain interactions due to chain dilution. The trend in per-particle fluorescence brightness values, as confirmed by single particle fluorescence imaging, reflects the nanoparticle extinction coefficients. Photostability studies on aqueous dispersions of hybrid particles indicate mild photobrightening under continuous illumination while PFO particles exhibit slow exponential emission decay. Functionalized particles are also resistant to aggregation during exposure to adenocarcinoma cells. Generally, the hybrid particles exhibit more favorable time-, pH- and medium-dependent stabilities, likely due to steric and electrostatic stabilization by PEG-carboxylic acid functionalities. Overall, the functionalized particles exhibit attractive properties: Reasonably small size, tight size distribution, high absorption cross section, radiative rate and emission quantum yield, excellent brightness and photostability, and good colloidal stability.
The mode of internalization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins, lacking any cytoplasmic domain by which to engage adaptors to recruit them into coated pits, is problematical; that of ...prion protein in particular is of interest since its cellular trafficking appears to play an essential role in its pathogenic conversion. Here we demonstrate, in primary cultured neurons and the N2a neural cell line, that prion protein is rapidly and constitutively endocytosed. While still on the cell surface, prion protein leaves lipid ‘raft’ domains to enter non‐raft membrane, from which it enters coated pits. The N‐terminal domain (residues 23–107) of prion protein is sufficient to direct internalization, an activity dependent upon its initial basic residues (NH2‐KKRPKP). The effect of this changing membrane environment upon the susceptibility of prion protein to pathogenic conversion is discussed.
Abstract Biomaterials are required to act harmoniously when exposed to the body or bodily fluids. Investigating cellular or in vivo phenotypic responses and protein adsorption to the material surface ...helps to determine the associated biocompatibility. Past limitations on progress in this field include time-consuming cell-based screening tools and a limited understanding of the complex nature of cell–biomaterial interactions. While high-throughput technologies by their nature are a rapid tool to derive meaning from multifaceted systems and, in recent years, the biomaterial community is beginning to take advantage of these technologies, the key observation in this Leading Opinion Paper is that the biomaterials community has been slow to accept these methods as an addition to their traditional experimentation workflow. The purpose of this paper is to review the definition and recent usage of high-throughput experiments in order to examine biomaterial interactions at the cellular and wider host level, especially as they become more relevant within the biomaterials arena encapsulating tissue engineering, gene, drug and stem cell delivery systems. The technologies under focus include rapid cell-based screening, transcriptomics and proteomics.
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the management and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Controlled drug delivery and nanoparticle‐based molecular imaging agents have advanced ...cardiovascular disease therapy and diagnosis. However, the delivery vehicles (dendrimers, nanocrystals, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanoshells, etc.), as well as the model systems that are used to mimic human cardiac disease, should be questioned in relation to their suitability. This review focuses on the variations of the biological assays and preclinical models that are currently being used to study the biocompatibility and suitability of nanomaterials in cardiovascular applications. There is a need to standardize appropriate models and methods that will promote the development of novel nanomaterial‐based cardiovascular therapies.
There is great variety in existing nanoparticle design. Shape, size, charge, material, and functional groups may all be tailored, affecting particle properties and applications. The applicability of current in vitro cellular assays is questionable prior to their translation to appropriate in vivo models of cardiovascular disease. Standardization of the current nanoparticle designs will facilitate a more timely transition from bench to bedside.
The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Rabies Laboratory receives between 6,000 to 9,000 specimens annually and performs rabies testing for the entire state, with the exception of New York ...City. The Rabies laboratory necropsies a variety of animals ranging in size from bats to bovids. Most of these specimens are animals exhibiting neurological signs, however, less than 10% actually test positive for rabies; implying trauma, lesions or other infectious agents as the cause of these symptoms. Due to the risk of aerosolizing undiagnosed infectious agents, the Rabies Laboratory does not use power tools or saws. Three necropsy techniques will be presented for animals whose skulls are impenetrable with scissors. The laboratory has implemented these techniques to decrease potential exposure to infectious agents, eliminate unnecessary manipulation of the specimen and reduce processing time. The advantages of a preferred technique opposed to another is subject to the trained individual processing the specimen.
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